Natural History — Book I

Pliny the Younger & Pliny the Elder · a new plain-English translation from the Latin

Preface 1| The books of my Natural History, a work new to the Camenae of your Quirites, born in my house at its latest lying-in, I have decided to present to you, most delightful Emperor, in a rather free-spoken letter; for let that be your title, a most true one, while the title 'Greatest' grows old in your father. For you used to think that my trifles were something, to take the edge off, in passing, my fellow countryman Catullus (you recognize this camp word too): for he, as you know, by changing round the first syllables, made himself a little harsher than he wished to be thought by his dear Veraniuses and Fabulluses.

Preface 2| At the same time, by this impudence of mine, I may bring about what you complained recently was not happening in another cheeky letter of mine: that something should appear in the public record, and that everyone should know on what equal terms the empire lives with you.

Preface 3| You have celebrated a triumph and held the censorship, you have been consul six times and a sharer of the tribunician power, and, what you have made nobler than these by rendering it at once to your father and to the equestrian order, you are prefect of his praetorian guard; and all this you are for the commonwealth. To us, however, you are just as you were in our comradeship in camp, and the greatness of your fortune has changed nothing in you except that you can do as much good as you wish.

Preface 4| And so, while all other ways of showing veneration for you lie open to everyone else, to me, for honoring you more familiarly, there remains only boldness. You will therefore charge this to your own account, and in my fault you will forgive yourself. I have put on a brazen face, and yet I have got nowhere, since you meet me on another road, towering, and keep me at a still greater distance with the rods of office of your genius.

Preface 5| In no one has the force of eloquence ever more truly been said to flash like lightning, in no one more truly the tribunician power of oratory. With what a voice you thunder your father's praises! With what a voice you love your brother's! How great you are in poetry! What great fertility of mind! You have even devised a way to imitate your brother.

Preface 6| But who could assess these things without fear, when he is about to submit to the judgment of your genius, and that after provoking it? For the position of those who publish to the world and of those who dedicate to you by name is not the same. In the first case I could say: 'Why are you reading this, Emperor? It was written for the common crowd, for the mass of farmers and craftsmen, and, finally, for those who have leisure for study. Why do you make yourself a judge? When I undertook this task, you were not on this list of jurors. I knew you were too great for me to think you would come down to this.'

Preface 7| There is, besides, a kind of public right to challenge even learned judges. Marcus Tullius too makes use of it, though he is placed beyond every hazard of talent, and, what may surprise us, he defends himself through an advocate: 'Not by the most learned. I do not want Manius Persius to read this; I want Iunius Congius to.' And if Lucilius, who first established the sharp nose of satire, thought he had to say this, and Cicero thought he should borrow it, especially when he was writing on the commonwealth, with how much more reason do I protect myself against some judge?

Preface 8| But I have now deprived myself of these defenses by my dedication, since it makes a great difference whether one gets a judge by lot or chooses him, and there is much difference in the preparations made for an invited guest and for one who turns up unannounced.

Preface 9| When the candidates in a heated election deposited money with Cato, that enemy of corrupt canvassing, who rejoiced in his defeats as though they were honors not bought, they declared that they were doing this as the highest thing in human affairs for the sake of integrity. Hence that famous sigh of Marcus Cicero: 'O happy you, Marcus Porcius, from whom no one dares to ask anything dishonest!'

Preface 10| When Lucius Scipio Asiaticus made his appeal to the tribunes, Gracchus being one of them, he declared that he could be acquitted even by a judge who was his enemy. So true is it that whoever chooses a judge makes him the supreme judge of his case, whoever he may be.

Preface 11| That is why it is called an appeal. You indeed, placed on the loftiest summit of the human race, endowed with the highest eloquence and the highest learning, are approached with religious awe, I know, even by those who come to pay their morning respects, and so they take care that what is said to you is worthy of you. But country people offer milk to the gods, and many nations who have no incense make offerings with salted meal, and no one has ever been blamed for worshipping the gods in whatever way he could.

Preface 12| My rashness has been increased by this too: that the little books I have dedicated to you are of a lighter kind of work. For they have no room for talent, which in my case was in any event very moderate, nor do they admit digressions, or speeches, or dialogues, or marvelous accidents or varied outcomes, things pleasant to tell or attractive to readers, since the material is barren:

Preface 13| the nature of things, that is, life, is described, and that in its meanest part, with very many things that have to be named either by rustic terms or by foreign, indeed even barbarous ones, with an apology made in advance.

Preface 14| Besides, the route is not a road well trodden by authors, nor one on which the mind is eager to travel. Among us there is nobody who has attempted the same thing, no one among the Greeks who has dealt single-handed with all these subjects. In great part we look for what is pleasant in our studies; while the subjects that others are said to have handled, of immense subtlety, are buried in the obscure darkness of the matter. First of all I must touch on what the Greeks call 'the all-round education' (enkyklios paideia), and yet these things have become unknown or uncertain to people's minds; while others have been published by so many writers that they have been brought to the point of tedium.

Preface 15| It is an arduous thing to give novelty to what is old, authority to what is new, brilliance to what is worn out, light to what is obscure, charm to what is tedious, credibility to what is doubtful, and to everything its nature and to its nature all that belongs to it. And so even for those who have not achieved it, to have wished to do so is abundantly fine and magnificent.

Preface 16| For my part, I hold that there is a special claim in the studies of those who, having overcome difficulties, have put the usefulness of helping before the favor of pleasing; and this I have done myself already in other works, and I confess I am surprised that Livy, a most celebrated author, began in one volume of his histories, which he takes up from the origin of the city, in this fashion: that he had already won enough glory for himself, and could have sat idle, had not his restless spirit been fed by work. For surely it befitted him to compose those books for the glory of the people victorious over nations and of the Roman name, not for his own. It would have been the greater merit to have persevered from love of the work, not for his own mind's sake, and to have rendered this service to the Roman people, not to himself.

Preface 17| From 20,000 matters worthy of attention (since, as Domitius Piso says, there ought to be treasuries, not books), by the reading of about 2,000 volumes, few of which students touch on account of the obscurity of their subject, from a hundred chosen authors, we have enclosed them in 36 volumes, with very many things added which earlier writers either did not know or which life afterward discovered.

Preface 18| Nor do we doubt that there are many things that have escaped even us. For we are human, and occupied with duties, and we attend to these matters in spare hours, that is, at night, lest any of you think that these hours have been idle. We spend our days on you; we reckon our health against sleep, content with this one reward alone, that while we potter at these things, as Marcus Varro says, we live more hours. For surely life is wakefulness.

Preface 19| For these reasons and difficulties, to me, who dared promise nothing, you supply this very thing, that we write to you. This is the confidence of the work, this is the appraisal. Many things seem very precious for this reason, that they are dedicated to temples.

Preface 20| All of you, your father, you and your brother, we have treated in a proper work, having begun the history of our times from the end of Aufidius. Where that work is, you will ask. It was finished long since and is being secured; and besides it had been decided to entrust it to an heir, lest my life be judged to have given anything to ambition. Therefore I favor those who occupy the ground before me, and I favor also posterity, who, I know, will contend with us, as we ourselves have done with our predecessors.

Preface 21| You will have proof of this temper of mine in that in these volumes I have prefixed the names of the authors. For it is generous, I think, and full of a free man's honorable shame, to confess through whom you have advanced, not as most of those I have touched upon have done.

Preface 22| For know that when comparing authors I found that the most trustworthy of the recent writers had copied the old ones word for word and not named them, not with that Virgilian virtue of vying with them, nor with the Tullian candor, who in his work on the commonwealth professes himself the companion of Plato, and in the consolation on his daughter says, "I follow Crantor," and likewise Panaetius in the work on duties, volumes which you know are to be learned by heart, and not only held daily in the hands.

Preface 23| It is surely the mark of a servile spirit and an unhappy character to prefer to be caught in theft than to repay a loan, especially when the principal itself comes from interest. Among the Greeks the felicity of titles is wonderful:

Preface 24| they inscribed Kerion, by which they wished a honeycomb to be understood; others Keras Amaltheias, "horn of Amalthea," that is the horn of plenty, so that you may hope to draw even hen's milk from the volume; then Ia, Mousai, Pandektai, Encheiridia, Leimon, Pinax, Schedion: titles for which a man might forfeit his bail; but when you have gone inside, gods and goddesses, how little you will find in the middle! Our own writers are graver: Antiquities, Examples, Arts; the wittiest, Lucubrations, I suppose because Bibaculus was one and was so called. A little less does Varro claim in his satires: Sesculixes and Flextabula.

Preface 25| Among the Greeks Diodorus has stopped trifling, and has inscribed his history Bibliotheke. Apion indeed, the grammarian (the man whom Tiberius Caesar called the cymbal of the world, though he might better seem the drum of his own fame), wrote that those to whom he was composing something were being granted immortality by him.

Preface 26| I do not regret that I thought of no more charming title, and, so as not to seem to rail at the Greeks altogether, I should like it soon to be understood from the founders of painting and sculpting among them, whom you will find in these little books to have inscribed their finished works, even those with which we are never satisfied in admiring, with a provisional title, such as APELLES WAS MAKING or POLYCLITUS, as though the art were always begun and unfinished, so that against the variety of judgments the artist might have a recourse to pardon, as if about to correct whatever was found wanting, had he not been cut off.

Preface 27| Hence full of modesty is the fact that they inscribed all their works as if they were their last, and as if each had been snatched away by fate. Not more than three, as I think, are handed down inscribed outright HE MADE IT, which I shall report in their places. By this it became clear that the greatest assurance in his art had pleased the maker, and for this reason all those works were greatly envied.

Preface 28| I freely admit that many things can be added to my works, and not to these alone, but to all that I have published, so as by the way to guard against those scourges of Homer (for so I should more truly call them), since I hear that both Stoics and dialecticians and Epicureans (for from the grammarians I have always expected it) are in labor against the little books that I published on grammar, and keep bringing forth miscarriages these ten years, though even elephants bear more quickly.

Preface 29| As if I did not know that against Theophrastus, a man of such eloquence that he got from it a divine name, even a woman wrote, and that from this was born the proverb of choosing a tree for hanging.

Preface 30| I cannot restrain myself from setting down, on this point, the very words of Cato the Censor, so that it may appear that even to Cato, when he was writing on military discipline, though he had learned soldiering under Africanus, nay under Hannibal too, and had not been able to endure even Africanus, who as commander had brought home a triumph, there were ready at hand those who hunt fame for themselves by disparaging another's knowledge. "For what?" he says in that volume. "I know that if what is written were brought out openly, there would be many to find fault, but chiefly those who have no experience of true praise."

Preface 31| Their speeches I have let flow past. Nor was Plancus inelegant, when it was said that Asinius Pollio was preparing speeches against him, to be published by Pollio himself or his freedmen after Plancus's death, so that he could not reply: he said that only ghosts wrestle with the dead. With this saying he so beat back those speeches that among the learned nothing is judged more shameless.

Preface 32| Therefore, secure even against the fault-finding brawlers (vitilitigatores), whom Cato neatly compounded from "faults" and "litigants" (for what else do they do but quarrel or look for a quarrel?), we shall carry out the rest of our design.

Preface 33| Since your occupations had to be spared for the public good, I have appended to this letter what is contained in each of the books, and with the greatest care I have worked to see that you need not read them. By this you will also provide others the means not to read them through, but, as each man desires something, to look for that only and know where to find it. This was done before me in our literature by Valerius Soranus in the books which he entitled Epoptides. Whether the world is finite and whether it is one; of its form, of its motion. Why it is called the world; of the elements, of god, of the nature of the wandering stars, of the eclipses of the moon and sun. Of night

2.7| On the magnitude of the stars

2.8| What anyone has discovered in observation of the heavens (9. 10); on the motion of the moon

2.11| Motions and lights of the wandering stars, 35, canonica

2.12| Why the same stars appear higher, at other times nearer (13. 14); general rules concerning the wandering stars

2.15| What reckoning changes their colors

2.16| Motion of the sun; the reckoning of the inequality of the days

2.17| Why thunderbolts are assigned to Jupiter

2.18| Intervals of the stars

2.19| Musical matters concerning the stars

2.20| Geometrical matters concerning the world

2.21| On stars that appear suddenly; on comets; their nature and situation and kinds (22. 23); Hipparchan matters on recognizing stars

2.24| On heavenly portents through historical examples: torches, bolides

2.25| Heavenly beams; the chasm of the sky

2.26| On the colors of the sky; on the flame of heaven

2.27| On heavenly crowns; on sudden circles (28. 29); several suns

2.31| Several moons

2.32| Daylight at night

2.33| Burning shields

2.34| A portent of the sky noted once

2.35| On the running of stars

2.36| On the stars called the Castors

2.37| On the air

2.38| On regular weather (39-41); on the rising of the Dog Star

2.40| The fixed power of the seasons of the year

2.41| On irregular weather; on rains, and why it rains stones

2.42| On thunder and lightnings

2.43| By what reasoning an echo is returned; kinds of winds, their natures, observations (44-48); ecnephias, typhon

2.49| Whirlwinds, presteres, eddies, other prodigious kinds of storms

2.50| On thunderbolts (51-56); in what lands they do not fall, and why; kinds of lightning and wonders

2.52| The Etruscan observation of them, and the Roman

2.53| On calling down thunderbolts

2.54| General rules concerning lightning

2.55| What is never struck

2.56| That it has rained milk, blood, flesh, iron, wool, baked bricks

2.57| Portents

2.58| On stones falling from the sky; the Anaxagorean views on them

2.59| The rainbow

2.60| The nature of hail, snow, frost, mist, dew; images of clouds

2.61| Properties of the sky in places

2.62| The nature of the earth

2.63| On its shape

2.64| Whether there are antipodes; how water is interwoven with the earth; the reckoning of rivers (65. 66); whether the ocean surrounds the earth

2.67| What portion of the earth is inhabited

2.68| That the earth is the middle of the world

2.69| On the obliquity of the zones

2.70| On the inequality of the climes

2.71| Where eclipses do not appear, and why

2.72| What the reckoning is of daylight on the earth

2.73| Gnomonics on this matter

2.74| Where and when there are no shadows, where twice a year, where shadows are carried in the opposite direction (75. 76) [where the days are longest, where shortest]

2.77| On the first sundial

2.78| In what manner the days are observed

2.79| The difference of peoples with regard to the reckoning of the world

2.80| On earthquakes; on chasms of the earth; signs of a coming earthquake (81-83); remedies against coming earthquakes

2.84| Portents of lands recorded once

2.85| Wonders of earthquakes

2.86| In what places the seas have withdrawn; the reckoning of islands newly arisen (87. 88); which have arisen, and at what times

2.89| What lands the seas have broken through

2.90| Which islands have been joined to the mainland

2.91| What lands have been wholly changed into sea

2.92| What lands have themselves diminished

2.93| Cities swallowed by the sea

2.94| On vents

2.95| On lands always trembling; on islands always floating

2.96| In what places it does not rain

2.97| A heaped-up collection of wonders of the lands

2.98| By what reasoning the tides of the sea advance and recede

2.99| Where the tides do the same contrary to the rule

2.100| Wonders of the sea (101-105); what the power of the moon is over things of land and sea

2.102| What that of the sun

2.103| Why the sea is salt

2.104| Where the sea is deepest

2.105| Marvels of springs and rivers

2.106| Joined wonders of fires and waters (107-110); on maltha

2.108| On naphtha

2.109| What places always burn

2.110| Wonders of fires in themselves

2.111| The measure of the whole earth

2.112| The harmonic reckoning of the world

2.113| Total: facts, histories and observations 417. FROM THE AUTHORITIES: Marcus Varro. Sulpicius Gallus. Titus Caesar, the Emperor. Quintus Tubero. Tullius Tiro. Lucius Piso. Titus Livy. Cornelius Nepos. Sebosus. Caelius Antipater. Fabianus. Antias. Mucianus. Caecina, who wrote on the Etruscan discipline. Tarquitius, likewise. Julius Aquila, likewise. Sergius Plautus. FOREIGN AUTHORITIES: Hipparchus. Timaeus. Sosigenes. Petosiris. Nechepso. The Pythagoreans. Posidonius. Anaximander. Epigenes. Eudoxus. Democritus. Critodemus. Thrasyllus. Serapion the sundial-maker. Euclid. Coeranus the philosopher. Dicaearchus. Archimedes. Onesicritus. Eratosthenes. Pytheas. Herodotus. Aristotle. Ctesias. Artemidorus of Ephesus. Isidorus of Charax. Theopompus. the situation, peoples, seas, towns, harbours, mountains, rivers; measurements; the peoples that are or were in Baetica, Hither Spain, the province of Narbonensis, Italy as far as Locri (6-10), the Tiber, Rome

3.9| of 63 islands, among them the Balearics

3.11| Corsica

3.12| Sardinia

3.13| Sicily

3.14| Italy from Locri as far as Ravenna (15-20), the Po

3.20| Italy beyond the Po (21, 22), Histria

3.23| the Alps and the Alpine peoples

3.24| Illyricum, Liburnia

3.25| Dalmatia

3.26| the Norici

3.27| Pannonia

3.28| Moesia

3.29| the islands of the Ionian and the Adriatic

3.30| Total: towns and peoples [….]. Total: famous rivers [….]. Total: famous mountains [….]. Total: islands [….]. Total: towns or peoples that have perished [….]. Total: facts, histories and observations [….]. FROM THE AUTHORITIES: Turranius Gracilis. Cornelius Nepos. Titus Livy. Cato the Censor. Marcus Agrippa. Marcus Varro. The deified Augustus. Varro Atacinus. Antias. Hyginus. Lucius Vetus. Pomponius Mela. Curio the father. Caelius. Arruntius. Sebosus. Licinius Mucianus. Fabricius Tuscus. Lucius Ateius. Ateius Capito. Verrius Flaccus. Lucius Piso. Gellianus. Valerianus. FOREIGN AUTHORITIES: Artemidorus. Alexander Polyhistor. Thucydides. Theophrastus. Isidorus. Theopompus. Metrodorus of Scepsis. Callicrates. Xenophon of Lampsacus. Diodorus of Syracuse. Nymphodorus. Calliphanes. Timagenes. the situation, peoples, seas, towns, harbours, mountains, rivers; measurements; the peoples that are or were in Epirus (1-4), Achaia (5-10), Greece (11-13), Thessaly (14, 15), Magnesia

4.16| Macedonia

4.17| Thrace

4.18| the islands in front of these lands (19-23), among them Crete

4.20| Euboea

4.21| the Cyclades

4.22| the Sporades

4.23| the Hellespont, the Pontus, the Maeotis

4.24| Dacia, Sarmatia, Scythia (25, 26), the islands of the Pontus

4.27| Germany (28, 29), the 96 islands in the Gallic Ocean, among them Britain

4.30| Belgic Gaul

4.31| Lugdunensian Gaul

4.32| Aquitanian Gaul

4.33| Hither Spain from the ocean

4.34| Lusitania

4.35| the islands in the Atlantic sea

4.36| the measurement of the whole of Europe

4.37| Total: towns and peoples. Total: famous rivers [….]. Total: famous mountains [….]. Total: islands [….]. Total: towns or peoples that have perished [….]. Total: facts, histories and observations [….]. FROM THE AUTHORITIES: Cato the Censor. Marcus Varro. Marcus Agrippa. The deified Augustus. Varro Atacinus. Cornelius Nepos. Hyginus. Lucius Vetus. Pomponius Mela. Licinius Mucianus. Fabricius Tuscus. Ateius Capito. Ateius, a philologist. AUTHORITIES FROM ABROAD: Polybius. Hecataeus. Hellanicus. Damastes. Eudoxus. Dicaearchus. Timosthenes. Eratosthenes. Ephorus. Crates, a grammarian. Serapion the Antiochene. Callimachus. Artemidorus. Apollodorus. Agathocles. Timaeus of Sicily. Myrsilus. Alexander Polyhistor. Thucydides. Dosiades. Anaximander. Philistides of Mallos. Dionysius. Aristides. Callidemus. Menaechmus. Aglaosthenes. Anticlides. Heraclides. Philemon. Xenophon. Pytheas. Isidorus. Philonides. Xenagoras. Astynomus. Staphylus. Aristocritus. Metrodorus. Cleobulus. Posidonius. the situation, peoples, seas, towns, harbours, mountains, rivers; measurements; the peoples that are or were in Mauretania, Numidia, Africa, the Syrtes, Cyrenaica (5, 6), the islands around Africa, the interior of Africa, Egypt (9-11), the Chora, the Thebaid, the Nile, Arabia which lies by the Egyptian sea, Idumaea, Syria, Palestine, Samaria (13, 14), Judaea, Phoenicia, Coele Syria, Antiochene Syria (18, 19), the Euphrates (20, 21), Cilicia and the peoples joined to it

5.22| Isauria; the Omanades

5.23| Pisidia

5.24| Lycaonia

5.25| Pamphylia

5.26| Mount Taurus

5.27| Lycia

5.28| Caria

5.29| Ionia

5.31| Aeolis

5.32| the Troad and the peoples joined to it

5.33| the islands in front of Asia, 212 in number (34-39), among them Cyprus

5.35| Rhodes, Cos

5.36| Samos

5.37| Chios

5.38| Lesbos

5.39| the Hellespont, Mysia

5.40| Phrygia

5.41| Galatia and the peoples joined to it

5.42| Bithynia

5.43| Total: towns and peoples [….]. Total: famous rivers [….]. Total: famous mountains [….]. Total: islands 118. Total: towns or peoples that have perished [….]. Total: facts, histories and observations [….]. FROM THE AUTHORITIES: Agrippa. Suetonius Paulinus. Marcus Varro. Varro Atacinus. Cornelius Nepos. Hyginus. Lucius Vetus. Mela. Domitius Corbulo. Licinius Mucianus. Claudius Caesar. Arruntius. Livius the son. Sebosus. The records of triumphs. FOREIGN AUTHORITIES: King Juba. Hecataeus. Hellanicus. Damastes. Dicaearchus. Baeton. Timosthenes. Philonides. Xenagoras. Astynomus. Staphylus. Dionysius. Aristotle. Aristocritus. Ephorus. Eratosthenes. Hipparchus. Panaetius. Serapion of Antioch. Callimachus. Agathocles. Polybius. Timaeus, a mathematician. Herodotus. Myrsilus. Alexander Polyhistor. Metrodorus. Posidonius, the author of a periplus or a periegesis. Sotades. Pyrrander. Aristarchus of Sicyon. Eudoxus. Antigenes. Callicrates. Xenophon of Lampsacus. Diodorus of Syracuse. Hanno. Himilco. Nymphodorus. Calliphanes. Artemidorus. Megasthenes. Isidorus. Cleobulus. Aristocreon. the situation, peoples, seas, towns, harbours; mountains; rivers; measurements; the peoples that are or were in the Pontus, the Mariandyni, the Paphlagonians, the Cappadocians (3, 8), the Themiscyrene region and the peoples in it, the Heniochi

6.4| the Colic region and its peoples; the peoples of the Achaei; the other peoples along the same stretch

6.5| the Cimmerian Bosporus

6.6| the Maeotis; the peoples around the Maeotis

6.7| Lesser Armenia, Greater Armenia

6.9| the river Cyrus, the river Araxes

6.10| Albania, Hiberia

6.11| and the Caucasian Gates joined to them

6.12| the islands in the Pontus

6.13| the peoples from the Scythian Ocean

6.14| the Caspian and Hyrcanian sea

6.15| Adiabene

6.16| Media, the Caspian Gates

6.17| the peoples around the Hyrcanian sea

6.18| the peoples of the Scythians

6.19| the situation from the Eastern Ocean; the Seres

6.20| the Indians (21-23), the Ganges

6.22| the Indus

6.23| Taprobane

6.24| the Ariani and the peoples joined to them

6.25| the voyages to India

6.26| Carmania

6.27| the Persian gulf

6.28| the kingdoms of the Parthians

6.29| Mesopotamia (30, 31), the Tigris

6.31| Arabia

6.32| the gulfs of the Red Sea

6.33| and the Trogodytice joined to it

6.34| Aethiopia

6.35| the islands of the Aethiopian sea

6.36| on the Fortunate Islands

6.37| the lands compared by measurements

6.38| the arrangement of the lands into parallels and equal shadows

6.39| Total: towns 1195. Total: peoples 576. Total: famous rivers 115. Total: famous mountains 38. Total: islands 108. Total: towns or peoples that have perished 95. Total: facts, histories and observations 2214. FROM THE AUTHORITIES: Marcus Agrippa. Marcus Varro. Varro Atacinus. Cornelius Nepos. Hyginus. Lucius Vetus. Pomponius Mela. Domitius Corbulo. Licinius Mucianus. Claudius Caesar. Arruntius. Sebosus. Fabricius Tuscus. Titus Livius the son. Seneca. Nigidius. FOREIGN AUTHORITIES: King Juba. Hecataeus. Hellanicus. Damastes. Eudoxus. Dicaearchus. Baeton. Timosthenes. Patrocles. Demodamas. Clitarchus. Eratosthenes. Alexander the Great. Ephorus. Hipparchus. Panaetius. Callimachus. Artemidorus. Apollodorus. Agathocles. Polybius. Timaeus of Sicily. Alexander Polyhistor. Isidorus. Amometus. Metrodorus. Posidonius. Onesicritus. Nearchus. Megasthenes. Diognetus. Aristocreon. Bion. Dalion. Simonides the Younger. Basilis. Xenophon of Lampsacus. the marvellous shapes of peoples; prodigious births; on the begetting of man; the times of giving birth, through famous examples, from the seventh month to the thirteenth; signs concerning the sex of women who are with child, before the birth; monstrous births; children cut from the womb

7.7| who are the vopisci

7.8| on the conception of human beings; on the generation of human beings

7.9| examples of resemblances

7.10| examples of the most numerous offspring

7.11| up to what years generation lasts

7.12| marvels concerning the monthly courses of women

7.13| what is the principle of generation

7.14| historical matters concerning teeth; historical matters concerning infants

7.15| examples of great size

7.16| infants born too soon

7.17| distinguishing marks of bodies

7.18| exceptional strength

7.19| outstanding speed

7.20| exceptional sight

7.21| a marvel of hearing

7.22| endurance of the body

7.23| memory

7.24| vigour of mind

7.25| clemency; greatness of mind

7.26| the highest renown for deeds accomplished

7.27| three supreme virtues in the same man? the highest innocence

7.28| the highest courage

7.29| outstanding talents

7.30| who were the wisest

7.31| the most useful precepts for life

7.32| on divination

7.33| the man judged best

7.34| the most chaste matrons

7.35| examples of the highest devotion

7.36| those who excelled in the arts (37-39): astrology, [grammar]; medicine

7.37| geometry, architecture

7.38| painting, engraving in bronze, in marble, in ivory; chasing

7.39| remarkable prices of men

7.40| on the highest good fortune

7.41| the rarity of continuity in families

7.42| marvellous examples of change; one twice proscribed

7.43| marvellous examples of honours

7.44| ten things most fortunate in one man

7.45| the misfortunes of the deified Augustus

7.46| whom the gods judged most fortunate

7.47| whom they ordered to be worshipped as a god while living; a marvellous thunderbolt

7.48| on the longest spans of life

7.49| on the variety of birth

7.50| varied examples in diseases

7.51| on death

7.52| those who were carried out for burial and came back to life

7.53| examples of sudden death

7.54| on burial

7.55| on the shades, on the soul

7.56| what each person has discovered in life

7.57| in which matters the first agreements among nations came about; on the ancient letters

7.58| when barbers first appeared

7.59| when sundials first appeared

7.60| Total: facts, histories and observations 747. FROM THE AUTHORITIES: Verrius Flaccus. Gnaeus Gellius. Licinius Mucianus. Masurius Sabinus. Agrippina, wife of Claudius. Marcus Cicero. Asinius Pollio. Marcus Varro. Messala Rufus. Nepos Cornelius. Virgil. Titus Livy. Cordus. Melissus. Sebosus. Cornelius Celsus. Maximus Valerius. Trogus. Nigidius Figulus. Pomponius Atticus. Pedianus Asconius. Fabianus. Cato Censorius. The public records. Fabius Vestalis. FOREIGN AUTHORITIES: Herodotus. Aristeas. Baeton. Isigonus. Crates. Agatharchides. Calliphanes. Aristotle. Nymphodorus. Apollonides. Phylarchus. Damon. Megasthenes. Ctesias. Tauron. Eudoxus. Onesicritus. Clitarchus. Duris. Artemidorus. Hippocrates, a physician. Asclepiades, a physician. Hesiod. Anacreon. Theopompus. Hellanicus. Damastes. Ephorus. Epigenes. Berosus. Petosiris. Nechepso. Alexander Polyhistor. Xenophon. Callimachus. Democritus. Diyllus, a historian. Strato, who wrote against the discoveries of Ephorus. Heraclides of Pontus. Asclepiades, who wrote on the matters treated in tragedy. Philostephanus. Hegesias. Archemachus. Thucydides. Mnesigiton. Xenagoras. Metrodorus of Scepsis. Anticlides. Critodemus. on elephants (1-11); on their senses; when they were first yoked; on their teachability; marvels in their deeds; on the nature of wild beasts in understanding their own dangers; when elephants were first seen in Italy; their fights; by what means they are caught; by what means they are tamed; on their giving birth and the rest of their nature; where they are born. Their discord with the dragons; on the cleverness of animals; on dragons; the marvellous sizes of serpents; on the animals of Scythia; on those of the north, on the bison; the uri, the alces, the achlis, the bonasus; on lions (17-21); how they are begotten; what kinds of them there are; what is particular to their nature

8.19| who first gave a lion-fight at Rome, who gave the most lions in it

8.20| who first of the Romans yoked them; marvels in the deeds of lions

8.21| one whom a dragon recognized and saved

8.22| on panthers (23, 24); a decree of the senate and laws concerning African beasts; who first brought African beasts to Rome and when; who brought the most

8.24| on tigers; when a tiger was first seen at Rome; on their nature, when their young are taken

8.25| on camels; their kinds

8.26| on the camelopard; when first seen at Rome

8.27| on the chama; on the cephi

8.28| on the rhinoceros

8.29| on the lynx and the sphinxes; on the crocottas; on the cercopitheci

8.30| the land animals of Aethiopia

8.31| likewise of India; a beast that kills by its glance

8.32| on the serpents called basilisks

8.33| on wolves; whence the story of the men who change their skins

8.34| the kinds of serpents

8.35| on the ichneumon

8.36| on the crocodile

8.37| on the scincus

8.38| on the hippopotamus

8.39| who first showed it at Rome, and the crocodile

8.40| medicines discovered from animals

8.41| forecasts of dangers from animals

8.42| peoples driven out by animals

8.43| on hyenas (44, 45); on the corocottas; on the mantichoras

8.45| on wild asses

8.46| on creatures of water that are also of land (47-49); on beavers, on otters; on the sea calf, on stellions; on deer

8.50| on the chameleon

8.51| on the rest that change colour: the tarandrus, the lycaon, the thos

8.52| on the porcupine

8.53| on bears; on their young

8.54| on the Pontic and Alpine mice

8.55| on hedgehogs

8.56| the leontophonus; lynxes

8.57| badgers, squirrels

8.58| on snails

8.59| on lizards

8.60| the nature of dogs (61-63); examples of them with regard to their masters; those who kept dogs for the sake of battles; on their generation

8.62| remedies against rabies

8.63| the nature of horses (64-67); on the temperaments of horses; marvels of four-horse chariots; the generation of horses

8.66| those conceiving by the wind

8.67| on asses; generation among them

8.68| the nature of mules and of the other beasts of burden

8.69| on oxen (70, 71); their generation; Apis in Egypt

8.71| the nature of flocks (72-75); their generation; kinds of wool and of colours

8.73| kinds of garments

8.74| the nature and generation of goats

8.76| of swine likewise

8.77| on wild swine; who first established game-preserves for wild beasts

8.78| on apes

8.80| on the kinds of hares

8.81| on half-wild animals

8.82| which animals are not found in which places

8.83| where and which animals harm only foreigners; where and which harm only natives

8.84| Total: facts, histories and observations 787. FROM THE AUTHORS: Mucianus. Procilius. Verrius Flaccus. Lucius Piso. Cornelius Valerianus. Cato the Censor. Fenestella. Trogus. The public records. Columella. Virgil. Varro. Lucilius. Metellus Scipio. Cornelius Celsus. Nigidius. Trebius Niger. Pomponius Mela. Mamilius Sura. FROM FOREIGNERS: King Juba. Polybius. Herodotus. Antipater. Aristotle. Demetrius the natural philosopher. Democritus. Theophrastus. Euanthes. Scopas, who wrote on the Olympic victors. King Hiero. King Attalus. King Philometor. Ctesias. Duris. Philistus. Archytas. Phylarchus. Amphilochus of Athens. Anaxipolis of Thasos. Apollodorus of Lemnos. Aristophanes of Miletus. Antigonus of Cyme. Agathocles of Chios. Apollonius of Pergamum. Aristandrus of Athens. Bacchius of Miletus. Bion of Soli. Chaereas of Athens. Diodorus of Priene. Dion of Colophon. Epigenes of Rhodes. Euagon of Thasos. Euphronius of Athens. Hegesias of Maroneia. The Menanders from Priene and from Heraclea. Menecrates the poet. Androtion, who wrote about agriculture. Aeschrion, likewise. Lysimachus, likewise. Dionysius, translator of Mago. Diophanes, who prepared an epitome from Dionysius. King Archelaus. Nicander. the natures of water creatures; why the largest animals are in the sea; the monsters of the Indian sea; which are the largest in each ocean; on the shapes of Tritons and Nereids; on the shapes of sea elephants; on whales, on orcas; whether fish breathe, whether they sleep; on dolphins (7-10); whom they have loved; in what places they fish in partnership with men

9.9| other marvels concerning them

9.10| on the thyrsiones

9.11| on tortoises (12, 13); what kinds of water tortoises there are and in what manner they are caught

9.12| who first began to cut tortoise-shell

9.13| the arrangement of water creatures by species

9.14| on sea calves or seals; which lack hair and how they give birth

9.15| how many kinds of fish

9.16| which are the largest fish

9.17| cordylae, pelamydes; tunnies; the salting of these piece by piece; apolecti, cybia

9.18| amiae, scombri

9.19| which fish are not in the Pontus; which enter, which return by another route

9.20| why fish leap out of the water; the swordfish

9.21| that there are auguries from fish

9.22| in what kind of fish there are no males

9.23| which have a stone in the head; which lie hidden in winter; which are not caught in winter except on fixed days

9.24| which lie hidden in summer; which fish are star-struck

9.25| on the mugil

9.26| on the sturgeon

9.27| on the lupus; on the asellus

9.28| on the scarus; on the weasel-fish

9.29| kinds of mullets, the sargus

9.30| marvellous prices of fish

9.31| that the same kinds are not everywhere esteemed at dinners

9.32| on gills; on scales

9.33| fish that make sounds and fish without gills

9.34| which come out onto land; the seasons of capture

9.35| the arrangement of fish by the shapes of their bodies; the difference of turbots and passeres; on long fish

9.36| on the fins of fish and their manner of swimming

9.37| eels

9.38| murenae

9.39| kinds of flat fish

9.40| the echeneis; its effect

9.41| which fish change colour

9.42| on the swallow-fish; on the fish that shines at night; on the horned fish; on the sea dragon

9.43| on bloodless fish; which fish are called soft

9.44| on the cuttlefish; on the squid; on the pectunculi; which fly out of the water

9.45| on polyps (46-48); on the sailor polyp

9.47| on the sailor nauplius

9.49| those covered with a shell (50-52); on lobsters

9.50| kinds of crabs; on the pinnotheres; on sea urchins; on snails; on scallops

9.51| kinds of shells

9.52| how great a material for luxury the sea is

9.53| on pearls (54-59); how and where they are born

9.54| how they are found

9.55| what kinds of unions there are

9.56| what is to be observed in them; what their nature is

9.57| examples concerning them

9.58| when they first came into use at Rome

9.59| the nature of murices (60-65); on purples

9.60| which nations have purple

9.61| how wool is dyed from them

9.62| when the use of purple began at Rome, when the broad stripe and the bordered toga

9.63| on garments of shell-dye

9.64| on dyeing amethyst, on Tyrian, on hysginum, on coccum

9.65| on the pina and the pinnotheres

9.66| on the sensation of water creatures; the torpedo, the pastinaca, sea centipedes, the glanis; on the ram fish

9.67| on those which have a third nature, between animals and shrubs; on nettles

9.68| on sponges; what kinds there are and where they are born; that they are animals

9.69| on the caniculae

9.70| on those enclosed in a flinty shell; which are without any sensation in the sea; on the rest of the animals of filth

9.71| on poisonous creatures of the sea

9.72| on the diseases of fish

9.73| on their generation (74-77); marvels of generation

9.74| which both lay eggs and bear live young within themselves

9.75| those whose belly is split in giving birth and then closes

9.76| which have wombs; which couple with themselves

9.77| what is the longest life of fish

9.78| who first established fishponds; on oysters

9.79| who established ponds of murenae; famous fishponds

9.81| who first established ponds of snails

9.82| earth fish

9.83| on the mice in the Nile

9.84| how the anthias fish are caught

9.85| on starfish

9.86| on the marvels of dactyli

9.87| on the enmities and friendships of water creatures among themselves

9.88| Total: facts, histories and observations 650. FROM THE AUTHORITIES: Turranius Gracilis. Trogus. Maecenas. Alfius Flavus. Cornelius Nepos. Laberius, the mime-writer. Fabianus. Fenestella. Mucianus. Aelius Stilo. Sebosus. Melissus. Seneca. Cicero. Aemilius Macer. Messala Corvinus. Trebius Niger. Nigidius. FOREIGN AUTHORITIES: Aristotle. King Archelaus. Callimachus. Democritus. Theophrastus. Thrasyllus. Hegesidemus. Sudines. Alexander Polyhistor. the natures of birds; on the ostrich (1); the phoenix; the kinds of eagles and their nature; when eagles began to be the standards of the legions; on the eagle that threw itself on the pyre of a maiden; the vulture; the bird called sanqualis; the immusulus; hawks (9-11); the buzzard; in what places hawks and men hunt birds in partnership; which bird alone is killed by its own kind; which bird lays a single egg; kites; the arrangement of birds by kinds

10.13| on birds of ill omen; in which months crows are not of ill omen

10.14| on ravens

10.15| on the owl

10.16| birds whose life or the knowledge of which has perished

10.17| which are born tail first

10.18| on night owls

10.19| on the woodpecker of Mars

10.20| on those that have hooked claws

10.21| on those that have toes (22-25); on peacocks

10.22| who first killed a peacock for food; who began to fatten them

10.23| on poultry

10.24| how they are castrated; on the cock that spoke

10.25| on the goose

10.26| who first established the goose liver

10.27| on the Commagene

10.28| chenalopeces, chenerotes, tetraones, otides

10.29| cranes

10.30| on storks

10.31| on the rest of the web-footed kind (32, 33); on swans

10.33| on foreign birds that come: quails, glottides, the cychramus; the otus; on our birds that depart, and where they go: swallows, thrushes, blackbirds, starlings

10.34| on birds that lose their feathers while in hiding: the turtle dove, the wood pigeon

10.35| which birds are year-round, which stay six months, which three months: galguli, hoopoes

10.36| the Memnonides

10.37| the Meleagrides

10.38| the Seleucides

10.39| the ibis

10.40| which birds are not found in which places

10.41| which change colour and voice (42-45); on the kind of the oscines

10.42| on nightingales

10.43| on the melancoryphi; the erithaci, the phoenicuri

10.44| the oenanthe, the chlorion

10.45| the season of the birds' breeding

10.46| halcyons; their days fit for sailing

10.47| on the rest of the water-bird kind

10.48| the cleverness of birds in their nests (49-51); the marvellous works of swallows; the bank swallows

10.49| the acanthyllis

10.50| the merops; on partridges

10.51| on pigeons; their marvellous works and their prices (52, 53, 54); differences in the flight and gait of birds

10.54| the apodes or cypseli

10.55| on the feeding of birds; the caprimulgi, the platea

10.56| on the talents of birds; the goldfinch, the taurus, the anthus

10.57| on birds that speak (58-60); parrots

10.58| the acorn-eating magpies

10.59| a riot of the Roman people on account of a speaking raven

10.60| the Diomedean birds

10.61| which animals learn nothing

10.62| on the drinking of birds; on the porphyrion

10.63| himantopodes

10.64| on the feeding of birds (65, 66); onocrotali

10.66| on foreign birds: Phalerides; pheasants; Numidian birds (67, 68); flamingos; attagens, cormorants; pyrrhocoraces, lagopodes

10.68| on new birds; the bibiones

10.69| on fabulous birds

10.70| who began to fatten hens, and which consuls were the first to forbid it

10.71| who first established aviaries; on the dish of Aesopus

10.72| the generation of birds (73-80); which animals besides birds lay eggs

10.73| the kinds and natures of eggs

10.74| the faults and remedies of brooding hens

10.75| the augury of Augusta from eggs

10.76| what hens are best

10.77| their diseases and remedies

10.78| kinds of herons

10.79| which are the urina eggs, which the cynosura, which the hypenemia; how eggs are best kept

10.80| which of winged creatures alone gives birth to live young and feeds them with milk

10.81| which land animals lay eggs; the generation of serpents

10.82| the generation of all land animals (83-87); what is the position of the animals in the womb

10.84| whose origin is still uncertain

10.85| on salamanders

10.86| which are born from things not begotten; which, once born, beget nothing; in which there is neither sex

10.87| on the senses of animals (88-90); that touch belongs to all, likewise taste; which have especially keen sight, which smell, which hearing; on moles; hearing in oysters

10.88| which of the fish hear most clearly

10.89| which of the fish smell most keenly

10.90| the diversity of animals in feeding (91-93); which live on poisons

10.92| which live on earth; which do not die of hunger or thirst

10.93| on the diversity of drink

10.94| which are at variance with one another

10.95| that there is friendship among animals, and the affections of animals; examples of the affection of serpents

10.96| on the sleep of animals

10.97| which dream

10.98| Total: facts, histories and observations 794. FROM THE AUTHORITIES: Manilius. Cornelius Valerianus. The public records. Umbricius Melior. Masurius Sabinus. Antistius Labeo. Trogus. Cremutius. Marcus Varro. Aemilius Macer. Melissus. Mucianus. Nepos. Fabius Pictor. Titus Lucretius. Cornelius Celsus. Horace. Deculo. Hyginus. The Sasernae. Nigidius. Mamilius Sura. FOREIGN AUTHORITIES: Homer. Phemonoe. Philemon. Boethus, who wrote the Ornithogonia. Hylas, who wrote on auguries. Aristotle. Theophrastus. Callimachus. Aeschylus. King Hiero. King Philometor. Archytas of Tarentum. Amphilochus of Athens. Anaxipolis of Thasos. Apollodorus of Lemnos. Aristophanes of Miletus. Antigonus of Cyme. Agathocles of Chios. Apollonius of Pergamum. Aristandrus of Athens. Bacchius of Miletus. Bion of Soli. Chaereas of Athens. Diodorus of Priene. Dinon of Colophon. Democritus. Diophanes of Nicaea. Epigenes of Rhodes. Euagon of Thasos. Euphronius of Athens. Juba. Androtion, who wrote about agriculture. Aeschrion, likewise. Lysimachus, likewise. Dionysius, who translated Mago. Diophanes, who made epitomes from Dionysius. Nicander. Onesicritus. Phylarchus. Hesiod. the kinds of insect animals; the subtlety of nature in these things; whether they breathe; whether they have blood; on their body

11.3| on bees (4-23); what order there is in their work

11.5| what the commosis in it is; what the pissoceros is; what propolis is

11.6| what the erithace or sandaraca or cerinthus is

11.7| from which flowers their works are made

11.8| those captivated by a passion for bees

11.9| on drones

11.11| what the nature of honey is

11.12| which are the best honeys

11.13| what kinds of honey there are in particular places

11.14| how they are tested; on the erice or tetralix or sisyrum

11.15| how bees generate

11.16| what the system of their kings is

11.17| that sometimes the swarms are also a joyful omen

11.18| kinds of bees

11.19| on the diseases of bees

11.20| what is hostile to bees

11.21| on keeping bees together

11.22| on restoring them

11.23| on wasps, hornets; which animals make another's work their own

11.24| on the Assyrian bombyx (25-27); on bombylii, necydalis; who first discovered silk clothing

11.26| on the Coan bombyx; how Coan clothing is made

11.27| on spiders (28, 29); which of them weave; what the nature of the material for weaving is

11.28| the generation of spiders

11.29| on scorpions

11.30| on stellions

11.31| on cicadas; that they are without a mouth and without an outlet for food

11.32| on the wings of insects

11.33| on beetles; the lampyrides; the rest of the beetle kind

11.34| on locusts

11.35| on ants

11.36| chrysallides, the asilus, butterflies

11.37| on those animals which are born from wood or in wood

11.38| the animals of human filth; which animal is the smallest; the animals of summer

11.39| an animal that has no outlet for food

11.40| moths, cantharides, gnats; the animal of snow

11.41| the animal of fires, the pyrallis or pyrotocum

11.42| the hemerobion

11.43| the natures and histories of all animals limb by limb (44-97); which have crests, which have combs

11.44| kinds of horns; in which they are movable

11.45| on heads; in which there are none

11.46| on hair

11.47| on the bones of the head

11.48| on the brain

11.49| on ears; which have no ears; which hear without ears and without openings

11.50| on the face, on the forehead; on the eyebrows

11.51| on eyes (52-57); which animals are without eyes; which have only a single eye

11.52| on the diversity of eyes

11.53| what the principle of sight is; those who see by night

11.54| on the nature of the pupil; which do not blink; in which eyes that are torn out grow again

11.55| on eyelids; in which there are none, in which they are on one side only

11.56| in which there are no cheeks

11.57| on the cheekbones

11.58| on nostrils

11.59| cheeks, lips, chin, jaws

11.60| on teeth (61-64); what kinds of them there are; in which they are not on both sides, in which hollow

11.61| on the teeth of serpents; on their venom; which bird has teeth

11.62| marvels of teeth

11.63| the age of ruminants known from them

11.64| on the tongue; which are without it; on the sound of frogs; on the palate

11.65| on the tonsils; the uvula, the epiglottis; the windpipes; the gullet

11.66| the nape, the neck, the spine

11.67| the throat, the jaws, the stomach

11.68| on the heart (69-71); the blood, the spirit

11.69| in which the heart is largest, in which smallest, in which double

11.70| when it began to be examined in entrails

11.71| on the lung; in which it is largest, in which smallest; in which there is nothing else but a lung within; what the cause of speed in animals is

11.72| on the liver (73-76); on the head of the entrails; the observations of the haruspices about it; in which animals and in which places there are two livers

11.73| on the gall, where and in which it is double; in which animals there is none; in which animals it is elsewhere than in the liver

11.74| what its power is

11.75| in which the liver grows and wanes with the moon; the observations of the haruspices about these things, and marvellous portents

11.76| the praecordia; the nature of laughter

11.77| on the belly; in which there is none; which alone vomit

11.78| the small intestines, the billae, the belly, the colon; why certain animals are insatiable

11.79| on the omentum; on the spleen; in which animals there is none

11.80| on the kidneys; where animals have four; in which there are none

11.81| the chest, the ribs

11.82| the bladder; in which animals there is none; the flanks; on membranes

11.83| the womb, on its places; on wombs; on the womb of swine, the udder

11.84| which have fat, which have suet; on the nature of each; which do not grow fat

11.85| on marrows; in which there are none

11.86| on bones; on fishbones; in which there are neither bones nor fishbones; cartilages

11.87| on sinews; which are without sinews

11.88| arteries, veins (89-92); which have neither veins nor arteries; on blood, on sweat

11.89| whose blood thickens most quickly, whose does not clot; in which it is thickest, in which thinnest, in which there is none

11.90| in which there is none at certain times of the year

11.91| whether the chief place is in the blood

11.92| on the hide

11.93| on hairs and the covering of the hide; in which the mouth within and the feet beneath are hairy

11.94| on breasts; which birds have breasts; notable things among animals in the udders

11.95| on milk (96, 97); which animal alone sucks while running; on colostrum; on cheeses; from which animals they are not made; on rennet; kinds of food from milk

11.96| kinds of cheeses

11.97| the differences of the limbs of man from the other animals (98-113); on the arms, on the fingers

11.99| on the likeness of apes

11.100| on nails

11.101| on knees and the backs of the knees

11.102| in which limbs of the human body there is a sanctity

11.103| varicose veins

11.104| on gait; on feet and legs

11.105| on hoofs

11.106| the feet of birds

11.107| the feet of animals, from two to a hundred; on dwarfs

11.108| on the genitals; on hermaphrodites

11.109| on the testicles; the half-men of three kinds

11.110| on tails

11.111| on the voices of animals

11.112| on limbs that grow on afterwards

11.113| signs of vitality and of character from the limbs of men

11.114| on the soul; on diet

11.115| which, fed on poison, do not themselves perish but kill when tasted

11.116| for what causes man does not digest; on remedies for indigestions

11.117| how corpulence comes about, how it is reduced

11.118| what things by taste allay hunger and thirst

11.119| Total: facts, histories and observations 2700. FROM THE AUTHORITIES: Marcus Varro. Hyginus. Scrofa. Saserna. Celsus Cornelius. Aemilius Macer. Vergil. Columella. Julius Aquila, who wrote on the Etruscan discipline. Tarquitius, likewise. Umbricius Melior, likewise. Cato Censorius. Domitius Calvinus. Trogus. Melissus. Fabianus. Mucianus. Nigidius. Mamilius. Oppius. FOREIGN AUTHORITIES: Aristotle. Democritus. Neoptolemus, who wrote the Melitourgika. Aristomachus, likewise. Philiscus, likewise. Nicander. Menecrates. Dionysius, the translator of Mago. Empedocles. Callimachus. Attalus the king. Apollodorus, who wrote on venomous beasts. Hippocrates. Herophilus. Erasistratus. Asclepiades. Themison. Posidonius the Stoic. The Menanders of Priene and of Heraclea. Euphronius of Athens. Theophrastus. Hesiod. King Philometor. the natures of trees; the honour paid to them (1, 2); on foreign trees (3-63); the plane (3-5); when it first came to Italy, and whence; the marvels of its nature; the chamaeplatani; who first began to clip pleasure-gardens; the Assyrian apple; how it is sown; the trees of India (8-17); when ebony was first seen at Rome; what kinds of it there are; the Indian thorn; the Indian fig; the shapes of Indian trees, without names; the flax-bearing trees of the Indians; the tree pala; the fruit ariena (12, 13); the trees of pepper; the kinds of pepper; bregma; ginger or zimpiber

12.14| caryophyllon; lycium or pyxacanthus of Chiron

12.15| machir

12.16| saccaron

12.17| the trees of the Arian people; likewise of Gedrosia; likewise of Hyrcania

12.18| likewise of Bactria; bdellium or brochum or malacha or maldacum; scordastum; in all perfumes or spices adulterations are described, tests, prices

12.19| the trees of Persis

12.20| trees on the islands in the Persian Sea; the cotton tree

12.21| the tree cynas; from which trees linen is made in the East

12.22| in what place none of the trees shed their leaves

12.23| in what ways the fruits of trees are made up

12.24| on costus

12.25| on nard; its 12 differences

12.26| asarum

12.27| amomum; amomis

12.28| cardamomum

12.29| on the incense-bearing region (30-32); on the trees which bear incense

12.31| what the nature of incense is and what kinds there are

12.32| on myrrh (33-35); on the trees which bear it

12.34| the nature and kinds of myrrh

12.35| on mastic

12.36| on ladanum, strobus

12.37| enhaemon

12.38| the tree bratus

12.39| the tree stobrum

12.40| on the felicity of Arabia

12.41| on cinnamum, cinnamomum, xylocinnamum

12.42| casia

12.43| cancamum, tarum

12.44| serichatum, gabalium

12.45| myrobalanus

12.46| phoenicobalanus

12.47| on the scented reed, on the scented rush

12.48| Hammoniacum

12.49| sphagnos

12.50| cypros

12.51| aspalathos or erysisceptron

12.52| maron

12.53| on balsam, opobalsam, xylobalsam

12.54| styrax

12.55| galbanum

12.56| on panax

12.57| spondylion

12.58| on malobathrum

12.59| on omphacium

12.60| bryon, oenanthe; massaris

12.61| elate or spathe

12.62| cinnamum comacum

12.63| Total: facts, histories and observations 469. FROM THE AUTHORITIES: Marcus Varro. Mucianus. Virgil. Fabianus. Sebosus. Pomponius Mela. Fabius Proculus. Hyginus. Trogus. Claudius Caesar. Cornelius Nepos. Sextius Niger, who wrote on medicine in Greek. Cassius Hemina. Lucius Piso. Tuditanus. Antias. FOREIGN AUTHORITIES: Theophrastus. Herodotus. Callisthenes. Isigonus. Clitarchus. Anaximenes. Duris. Nearchus. Onesicritus. Polyclitus. Olympiodorus. Diognetus. Nicobule. Anticlides. Chares of Mytilene. Menaechmus. Dorotheus of Athens. Lycus. Antaeus. Ephippus. Dinon. Adimantus. Ptolemy son of Lagus. Marsyas the Macedonian. Zoilus, likewise. Democritus. Amphilochus. Aristomachus. Alexander Polyhistor. Juba. Apollodorus, who wrote on scents. Heraclides, a physician. Botrys, a physician. Archedemus, likewise. Dionysius, likewise. Democles, likewise. Euphron, likewise. Mnesides, likewise. Diagoras, likewise. Iollas, likewise. Heraclides of Tarentum. Xenocrates of Ephesus. on foreign trees; on perfumes (1-5); when they began; their kinds and compositions, 21; the diapasmata, the magmata; the testing of perfume; how great luxury there is in perfumes; when first in use among the Romans; on palms (6-9); on their nature

13.7| how they are sown

13.8| the kinds of their fruit and their distinguishing marks, 49

13.9| the trees of Syria: pistacia, cottana, Damascene plums, myxae

13.10| the cedar; which trees bear the fruit of three years together

13.11| the terebinth

13.12| the rhus

13.13| the trees of Egypt; the Alexandrian fig

13.14| the Cyprian fig

13.15| the siliqua ceraunia

13.16| the Persian tree; on which trees fruits constantly spring up in succession

13.17| the cuci

13.18| the Egyptian thorn

13.19| gums, 8 kinds; sarcocolla

13.20| on papyrus (21-27); on the use of paper; when it began

13.21| how it is made

13.22| its kinds, 9

13.23| the testing of papers

13.24| the faults of papers

13.25| on the glue of papers

13.26| on the books of Numa

13.27| the trees of Aethiopia

13.28| the Atlantic tree

13.29| on the citrus tree (29-31); on citrus tables; what is approved or disparaged in them

13.30| the citrus apple

13.31| the lotus

13.32| the trees of Cyrenaica; paliurus

13.33| kinds of Punic apple, 9; balaustium

13.34| the trees of Asia and of Greece (35-47); epicactis; erice; the Cnidian grain or thymelaea or chamelaea or pyrosachne or cnestor or cneorum

13.35| tragion, tragacantha

13.36| tragos or scorpio, myrice or brya, ostrys

13.37| euonymos

13.38| the tree leon

13.39| andrachle

13.40| coccygia, apharce

13.41| ferula

13.42| thapsia

13.43| capparis or cynosbaton or ophios staphyle

13.44| saripha

13.45| the royal thorn

13.46| cytisus

13.47| the trees and shrubs in our sea (48, 49); likewise in the Red Sea

13.50| likewise in the Indian

13.51| likewise in the Trogodytic: phycos, grasson or zoster, sea bryon, the plocamos of Isis, the blepharon of the Graces

13.52| Total: facts, histories and observations 468. FROM THE AUTHORITIES: Marcus Varro. Mucianus. Virgil. Fabianus. Sebosus. Pomponius Mela. Fabius Proculus. Hyginus. Trogus. Claudius Caesar. Cornelius Nepos. Sextius Niger, who wrote on medicine in Greek. Cassius Hemina. Lucius Piso. Tuditanus. Antias. FOREIGN AUTHORITIES: Theophrastus. Herodotus. Callisthenes. Isigonus. Clitarchus. Anaximenes. Duris. Nearchus. Onesicritus. Polyclitus. Olympiodorus. Diognetus. Nicobule. Anticlides. Chares of Mytilene. Menaechmus. Dorotheus of Athens. Lycus. Antaeus. Ephippus. Dinon. Adimantus. Ptolemy son of Lagus. Marsyas the Macedonian. Zoilus, likewise. Democritus. Amphilochus. Aristomachus. Alexander Polyhistor. Juba. Apollodorus, who wrote on scents. Heraclides, a physician. Botrys, likewise. Archedemus, likewise. Dionysius, likewise. Democles, likewise. Euphron, likewise. Mnesides, likewise. Diagoras, likewise. Iollas, likewise. Heraclides of Tarentum. Xenocrates of Ephesus. fruit-bearing trees; on the nature of vines, in what ways they are planted; on the nature of grapes and the care of vines; the kinds of grapes, 91; famous achievements of cultivation and of vineyards; on the invention of honeyed wine; noble wines, 50; noble wines from overseas, 38; on the Opimian wine

14.16| notable matters concerning wine-stores; on the nature of wine; the kinds of salted wine, 7; on raisin wine and boiled-down musts and the kinds of sweet wines, 17

14.11| the kinds of second wine, 3

14.12| how recently noble wines began in Italy

14.13| observations on wine from King Romulus

14.14| which wines the ancients used

14.15| when four kinds of wine were first set out

14.17| 5 uses of the wild vine; which juice is the coldest by nature

14.18| the kinds of artificial wine, 66

14.19| hydromel or apomel or melicraton

14.20| oxymel

14.21| prodigious kinds of wine, 12

14.22| which wines it is not lawful to use at sacrifices

14.23| with which substances they season musts (24, 25); on pitch, on resins

14.25| on wine vessels

14.27| on vinegar; on lees

14.26| on cellars; on drunkenness

14.28| that the strength of wine is made from water and grain

14.29| Total: facts, histories and observations 510. FROM THE AUTHORITIES: Cornelius Valerianus. Virgil. Celsus. Cato the Censor. The Sasernae, father and son. Scrofa. Marcus Varro. Decimus Silanus. Fabius Pictor. Trogus. Hyginus. Verrius Flaccus. Graecinus. Julius Atticus. Columella. Masurius Sabinus. Fenestella. Tergilla. Maccius Plautus. Fabius Dossennus. Scaevola. Lucius Aelius. Ateius Capito. Cotta Messalinus. Lucius Piso. Pompeius Lenaeus. Fabianus. Sextius Niger. Vibius Rufinus. FOREIGN AUTHORITIES: Hesiod. Theophrastus. Aristotle. Democritus. King Hiero. King Philometor. King Attalus. Archytas. Xenophon. Amphilochus of Athens. Anaxipolis of Thasos. Apollodorus of Lemnos. Aristophanes of Miletus. Antigonus of Cyme. Agathocles of Chios. Apollonius of Pergamum. Aristandrus of Athens. Bacchius of Miletus. Bion of Soli. Chaereas of Athens. Cherestus, likewise. Diodorus of Priene. Dinon of Colophon. Epigenes of Rhodes. Euagon of Thasos. Euphronius the Athenian. Androtion, who wrote on agriculture. Aeschrion, likewise. Lysimachus, likewise. Dionysius, who translated Mago. Diophanes, who made epitomes from Dionysius. Asclepiades the physician. Erasistratus, likewise. Commiades, who wrote on the preserving of wine. Aristomachus, likewise. Hicesius, likewise. Themison the physician. Onesicritus. King Juba. the natures of fruit-bearing trees; on the olive (1-8); how long it was found only among the Greeks; when it first began to exist in Italy, Spain, Africa; on oil; the nations and the excellences of oil; what the nature of the olive and of oil in its beginnings is; the kinds of olives, 15; on the nature of oil

15.5| the cultivation of olive-trees; on preserving olives; in what manner oil is to be made

15.6| the kinds of artificial oil, 48; the cici tree or croton or sibi or sesamum

15.7| on the lees of oil

15.8| the kinds and nature of all fruits (9-34); the kinds of pine nuts, 4

15.9| the kinds of struthia, 4; the kinds of quinces, 4

15.10| the kinds of pomegranates, 9; the kinds of peaches, 7

15.11| the kinds of plums, 12

15.12| on the persea

15.13| the kinds of apples, 30; at what time each foreign fruit came into Italy, and from where

15.14| which most recently

15.15| the kinds of pears, 41

15.16| on the variety of grafts and the expiation of lightning

15.17| on preserving fruits and grapes

15.18| the kinds of figs, 29

15.19| historical matters on figs

15.20| on caprification

15.21| the kinds of medlar, 3

15.22| the kinds of service-berries, 4

15.23| the kinds of nuts, 9

15.24| the kinds of chestnuts, 8

15.25| siliquae

15.26| on fleshy fruits; on mulberries

15.27| on the unedo

15.28| the natures of acini; the natures of berries

15.29| the kinds of cherries, 9

15.30| cornels; mastic-trees

15.31| the differences of juices, 13 (32, 33); the myrtle (35-38); historical matters on the myrtle (36, 38); its kinds, 11

15.37| the laurel; its kinds, 13 (39, 40). Total: facts, histories and observations 520. FROM THE AUTHORITIES: Fenestella. Fabianus. Virgil. Cornelius Valerianus. Celsus. Cato the Censor. The Sasernae, father and son. Scrofa. Marcus Varro. Decimus Silanus. Fabius Pictor. Trogus. Hyginus. Verrius Flaccus. Graecinus. Julius Atticus. Columella. Masurius Sabinus. Tergilla. Cotta Messalinus. Lucius Piso. Pompeius Lenaeus. Maccius Plautus. Fabius Dossennus. Scaevola. Lucius Aelius. Ateius Capito. Sextius Niger. Vibius Rufinus. FOREIGN AUTHORITIES: Hesiod. Theophrastus. Aristotle. Democritus. King Hiero. King Philometor. King Attalus. Archytas. Xenophon. Amphilochus of Athens. Anaxipolis of Thasos. Apollodorus of Lemnos. Aristophanes of Miletus. Antigonus of Cyme. Agathocles of Chios. Apollonius of Pergamum. Aristandrus of Athens. Bacchius of Miletus. Bion of Soli. Chaereas of Athens. Cherestus, likewise. Diodorus of Priene. Dinon of Colophon. Epigenes of Rhodes. Euagon of Thasos. Euphronius the Athenian. Androtion, who wrote on agriculture. Aeschrion, likewise. Lysimachus, likewise. Dionysius, who translated Mago. Diophanes, who made epitomes from Dionysius. Asclepiades the physician. Erasistratus, likewise. Commiades, who wrote on the preserving of wine. Aristomachus, likewise. Hicesius, likewise. Themison the physician. Onesicritus. King Juba. the natures of wild trees; peoples without trees; marvels in the northern region of trees; on the acorn-bearers (3-13); on the civic crown; on the origin of crowns; those who were honoured with a crown of leaves; the kinds of acorns, 13; on the beech; on the other acorns; on charcoal; on the gall; how many things besides acorns the same trees bear (10-13); cachrys

16.11| coccum

16.12| agaricum

16.13| the bark of which trees is in use

16.14| on shingles

16.15| on the pine

16.16| the pinaster

16.17| the pitch-pine, the fir

16.18| the larch, the torch-pine

16.19| the yew

16.20| in what ways liquid pitch is made; how cedar oil is made

16.21| in what ways thick pitch is made; in what ways resin is boiled

16.22| zopissa

16.23| the timber of which trees is valued (24-29); the kinds of ash, 4

16.24| the kinds of linden, 2

16.25| the kinds of maple, 10

16.26| bruscum, molluscum, staphylodendron

16.27| the kinds of box, 3

16.28| the kinds of elm, 6

16.29| the nature of trees by situation (30, 31); which are of the mountains, which of the plains

16.30| which are of dry ground, which of water, which common to both

16.31| division of the kinds

16.32| which do not shed their leaves; on the rhododendron; which do not lose all their leaves; in what places none of the trees

16.33| on the nature of falling leaves

16.34| in which the leaves are of various colours; the kinds of poplars, 3; whose leaves change their shape

16.35| which leaves turn round every year

16.36| the care and use of leaves from palms

16.37| marvels of leaves

16.38| the order of nature in what is sown

16.39| which trees never flower; on junipers

16.40| on the conception of trees; on budding; on their bearing

16.41| in what order they flower

16.42| on the cornel; at what time each bears

16.43| those that bear the year round; those bearing for three years

16.44| which do not bear fruit; which are held to be unlucky

16.45| which most easily lose their fruit or flower

16.46| which do not bear everywhere

16.47| in what manner each bears

16.48| in which the fruit is born before the leaf

16.49| those bearing twice; those bearing three times

16.50| which age most quickly, which most slowly; early fruits; late fruits

16.51| in which several kinds of things are produced; crataegus

16.52| the differences of trees by their trunks and branches (53-56); the lotus or Greek bean

16.53| on branches

16.54| bark

16.55| roots

16.56| trees which have risen again of their own accord

16.57| in what ways trees are born [of their own accord]

16.58| differences of nature, not producing everything everywhere (58-60); where which do not grow

16.59| on cypresses

16.60| that things often spring from the earth which were not born there before

16.61| on ivy; its kinds, 20

16.62| smilax

16.63| on water plants (64-71); on reeds; the kinds of reed, 28

16.64| on arrow reeds

16.65| and on writing reeds and on pipers' reeds

16.66| on the Orchomenian reed and the fowler's and the fisher's; on the vine-dresser's reed; on the alder

16.67| on the willow; its kinds, 8

16.68| what besides the willow is useful for binding

16.69| on rushes, candle-rushes, canes, tegulum

16.70| on elders, on brambles

16.71| on the juices of trees

16.72| on the nature of timbers

16.73| on the felling of trees (74, 75); on the size of trees; on timbers for building; on sappinus

16.76| fire-making from wood

16.77| which feel no decay, which no splitting

16.78| historical matters on the durability of timbers

16.79| kinds of ship-worms

16.80| on timbers for the workshop

16.82| on timber to be glued

16.83| on veneers

16.84| the great age of enduring trees (85-89); a tree of 500 years planted by the elder Africanus in the city of Rome

16.85| trees from the founding of the City

16.86| trees in the suburbs older than the City

16.87| trees planted by Agamemnon; trees from the first year of the Trojan war; trees from the naming of Ilium; trees among the Trojans older than the Trojan war

16.88| likewise at Argos, trees planted by Hercules, planted by Apollo; a tree older than Athens

16.89| which kinds of trees last least

16.90| trees famous from some event

16.91| which have no place of their own to grow

16.92| which live on trees and cannot be born on the earth; their kinds, 9: cassytas, hyphear, stelis, hippophaestum; on the nature of mistletoe and the like

16.93| on making birdlime

16.94| Total: facts, histories and observations 1135. FROM THE AUTHORITIES: Marcus Varro. Fetialis. Nigidius. Cornelius Nepos. Hyginus. Masurius. Cato. Mucianus. Lucius Piso. Trogus. Calpurnius Bassus. Cremutius. Sextius Niger. Cornelius Bocchus. Vitruvius. Graecinus. FOREIGN AUTHORITIES: Alexander Polyhistor. Hesiod. Theophrastus. Democritus. Homer. Timaeus the mathematician. the natures of cultivated trees; the marvellous prices of trees; the nature of the sky in relation to trees; which quarter of the sky vineyards ought to face; what earth is best; on the 8 kinds of earth with which the Greeks, Britain and Gaul enrich the soil; on the use of ashes

17.5| on dung

17.6| which crops make the earth richer, which burn it

17.7| in what ways dung is to be used

17.8| in what ways trees are planted (9-21); those growing from seed

17.10| those that never degenerate

17.11| those growing from plants

17.12| those growing by tearing away, and from the shoot

17.13| on seed-beds; on transplanting seed-beds

17.14| on planting elms

17.15| on trenches

17.16| on the intervals between trees

17.17| on shade

17.18| on dripping water

17.19| which grow slowly; which quickly

17.20| those growing from layering

17.21| on grafting (22-26); in what way it was invented

17.22| kinds of grafting

17.24| budding

17.23| plastering

17.26| on grafting the vine

17.25| those growing from a branch

17.27| which are planted from cuttings, and in what manner

17.28| the cultivation of olive trees (29, 30); the arrangement of the work on shoots through the seasons of the year

17.30| on trenching around roots and on heaping earth up

17.31| on the willow-bed

17.32| reed-beds

17.33| on the other coppice wood for poles and stakes

17.34| the system of vineyards and of vines trained on trees (35, 36); that grapes may not be infested by animals

17.36| the diseases of trees

17.37| portents from trees

17.38| the medicines of trees (39-47); in what manner to water

17.40| marvels about irrigation

17.41| on scarification

17.42| in what manner to bore around; the castration of trees

17.43| caprification

17.44| what faults of pruning

17.45| what faults of manuring there are for trees

17.46| medicaments

17.47| Total: facts, histories and observations 1380. FROM THE AUTHORITIES: Cornelius Nepos. Cato the Censor. Marcus Varro. Celsus. Virgil. Hyginus. The Sasernae, father and son. Scrofa. Calpurnius Bassus. Trogus. Aemilius Macer. Graecinus. Columella. Atticus Julius. Fabianus. Mamilius Sura. Dessius Mundus. Gaius Epidius. Lucius Piso. FOREIGN AUTHORITIES: Hesiod. Theophrastus. Aristotle. Democritus. Theopompus. King Hiero. King Philometor. King Attalus. King Archelaus. Archytas. Xenophon. Amphilochus of Athens. Anaxipolis of Thasos. Apollodorus of Lemnos. Aristophanes of Miletus. Antigonus of Cyme. Agathocles of Chios. Apollonius of Pergamum. Bacchius of Miletus. Bion of Soli. Chaereas of Athens. Cherestus, likewise. Diodorus of Priene. Dinon of Colophon. Epigenes of Rhodes. Euagon of Thasos. Euphronius the Athenian. Androtion, who wrote on agriculture. Aeschrion, likewise. Lysimachus, likewise. Dionysius, who translated Mago. Diophanes, who made epitomes from Dionysius. Aristandrus, who wrote on portents. the natures of crops; the devotion of the ancients to agriculture; what the first crown at Rome was; on the crown of ears of grain; on the jugerum; how often and at what times there was the greatest cheapness of grain; who wrote with distinction on agriculture; what is to be observed in acquiring a farm; on the siting of farmhouses

18.7| the precepts of the ancients on cultivating a field

18.8| the kinds of crops

18.9| the natures according to the kinds of grain (10-29); on spelt

18.11| wheat

18.12| barley (13-15, 18); polenta

18.14| barley-water

18.15| tragum

18.16| starch

18.17| siligo; similago

18.20| arinca or olyra; semen or zea

18.29| on the other kinds in the East

18.19| on the pounding of grain

18.23| on sesame; on erysimum or irio; on hormium

18.22| millet

18.24| panic

18.25| on leavens

18.26| the method and kinds of bread-making

18.27| when the baker's trade began at Rome

18.28| on pulses (30-33, 36); the bean

18.30| the kinds of chickpea

18.32| phaseoli

18.33| the pea

18.31| on turnips

18.34| rape

18.35| the lupin

18.36| fodder crops (37-43); vetch

18.37| ervum

18.38| silicia

18.39| rye or asia

18.40| mixed fodder

18.41| on ocinum; ervilia

18.42| medica

18.43| on oats; the diseases of crops

18.44| remedies

18.45| what ought to be sown in each kind of soil

18.46| the diversity of peoples in sowing

18.47| kinds of ploughshares

18.48| the method of ploughing

18.49| on harrowing, weeding, hoeing; on hurdle-harrowing

18.50| on the highest fertility of soil

18.51| the method of sowing the same field more than once in the year

18.52| manuring

18.53| testing of seeds

18.54| how much of each kind of grain is to be sown on a jugerum

18.55| on the times of sowing (56-61); the arrangement of the stars by days, and the earthly signs of the things to be done in the field

18.57| what ought to be done in the field in each month (62-74); on the poppy

18.61| on [….]

18.67| the causes of barrenness and the remedies (69, 70); on harvests

18.72| on keeping grain

18.73| on the vintage and the labours of autumn

18.74| the system of the moon

18.75| the system of the winds

18.76| the marking out of fields

18.77| forecasts (78-90) from the sun

18.78| from the moon

18.79| from the stars

18.80| from thunder

18.81| from clouds

18.82| from mists

18.83| from earthly fires

18.84| from waters

18.85| from the weather itself

18.86| from water animals, from birds (87, 88), from four-footed animals

18.88| Total: facts, histories and observations 2060. FROM THE AUTHORITIES: Masurius Sabinus. Cassius Hemina. Verrius Flaccus. Lucius Piso. Cornelius Celsus. Turranius Gracilis. Decimus Silanus. Marcus Varro. Cato the Censor. Scrofa. The Sasernae, father and son. Domitius Calvinus. Hyginus. Vergil. Trogus. Ovid. Graecinus. Columella. Tubero. Lucius Tarutius, who wrote on the stars in Greek. Caesar the dictator, likewise. Sergius Plautus. Sabinus Fabianus. Marcus Cicero. Calpurnius Bassus. Ateius Capito. Mamilius Sura. Attius, who wrote the Praxidica. AUTHORITIES FROM ABROAD: Hesiod. Theophrastus. Aristotle. Democritus. King Hiero. King Philometor. King Attalus. King Archelaus. Archytas. Xenophon. Amphilochus of Athens. Anaxipolis of Thasos. Apollodorus of Lemnos. Aristophanes of Miletus. Antigonus of Cyme. Agathocles of Chios. Apollonius of Pergamum. Aristandrus of Athens. Bacchius of Miletus. Bion of Soli. Chaereas of Athens. Cherestus, likewise. Diodorus of Priene. Dinon of Colophon. Epigenes of Rhodes. Euagon of Thasos. Euphronius the Athenian. Androtion, who wrote on agriculture. Aeschrion, likewise. Lysimachus, likewise. Dionysius, who translated Mago. Diophanes, who made epitomes from Dionysius. Thales. Eudoxus. Philippus. Callippus. Dositheus. Parmeniscus. Meton. Criton. Oenopides. Conon. Euctemon. Harpalus. Hecataeus. Anaximander. Sosigenes. Hipparchus. Aratus. Zoroaster. Archibius. the nature and marvels of flax (1-6); its kinds and excellences, 17; in what manner it is sown and finished; when awnings were first used in theatres

19.6| on the nature of spartum (7-9); in what manner it is finished

19.8| when its use began

19.9| on the wool-bearing bulb

19.10| what things are born and live without a root; what things are born and cannot be sown

19.11| misy, iton, geranion

19.12| on truffles

19.13| pezicae

19.14| on laserpicium and laser; maspetum; magydaris (15, 16); on madder

19.17| on radicula

19.18| the delight of gardens (19, 20); the arrangement of things springing from the earth other than crops and shrubs

19.21| the nature, kinds and histories of the 10 things that grow in gardens (22-37); on the roots, flowers and leaves of all of them; in which garden plants the leaves fall

19.31| on which day each springs up

19.35| the nature of seeds; in what manner each is sown

19.36| of which there is a single kind each, of which there are several

19.37| the nature, kinds and histories of the 23 things sown in the garden for seasoning (38-55); born from its own tear

19.48| the ferulaceous kinds, 4; hemp

19.56| the diseases of garden plants

19.57| remedies (58, 59); in what ways ants are killed; remedies against caterpillars; against gnats; to which plants salt water is beneficial; the method of watering gardens

19.60| on the juices and flavours of garden plants; on the piperitis and the libanotis and the zmyrnum (61, 62). Total: facts, histories and observations 1144. FROM THE AUTHORITIES: Maccius Plautus. Marcus Varro. Decimus Silanus. Cato Censorius. Hyginus. Vergil. Mucianus. Celsus. Columella. Calpurnius Bassus. Mamilius Sura. Sabinus Tiro. Licinius Macer. Quintus Birrius. Vibius Rufinus. Caesennius, who wrote the Kepourika. Castritius, likewise. Firmus, likewise. Potitus, likewise. FOREIGN AUTHORITIES: Herodotus. Theophrastus. Democritus. Aristomachus. Menander, who wrote the Biochresta. Anaxilaus. medicines from the things sown in gardens. from the wild cucumber, 26; from the elaterium, 27; from the snake cucumber or wild cucumber, 5; from the cultivated cucumber, 9; from the pepo, 11; from the wild gourd, the sompho, 1; from the colocynth, 13; from turnips, 9; from the wild turnip, 1; from the napus or bunion or bunias, 5; from the cultivated radish, 43; from the armoracia, 1; from the parsnip; from hibiscus or plistolochia or moloche agria, 11; from the staphylinus or wild parsnip, 22; from the gingidium, 1; from the siser, 11; from the sil, 12; from the inula, 11; from the onion, 27; from the cut leek, 32; from the headed leek, 39; from garlic, 61; from lettuce, 42; from the caprina, 4; from the caesapo, 1; from the isatis, 1; from wild lettuce, 7; from the hieracia, 17

20.26| from beet, 24

20.27| from the limonium or neuroides, 4

20.28| from intubus, which is the ambubaia, 4

20.29| from chicory or chrestus or pancration, 12

20.30| from hedypnois, 4

20.31| from the seris, 2 kinds, 7 medicines

20.32| from cabbage, 87

20.33| the cyma

20.35| from wild cabbage, 27

20.36| from lapsana, 1

20.37| from sea cabbage, 1

20.38| from the squill, 24

20.39| from bulbs, 30

20.40| from the bulbine, 1; the vomiting bulb

20.41| from cultivated asparagus, 17

20.42| from corruda or ormenon or the Libyan, 24

20.43| from apium, 17

20.44| from apiastrum or melissophyllum

20.45| from olusatrum or hipposelinum, 11; from oreoselinum, 2; from heteroselinum, 1

20.46| from parsley, 1; from buselinum, 1

20.47| from ocimum, 28

20.48| from eruca, 12

20.49| from nasturtium, 42

20.50| from rue, 84

20.51| from mentastrum, 20

20.52| from mint, 41

20.53| from pennyroyal, 25

20.54| from wild pennyroyal, 19

20.55| from nepeta, 9

20.56| from cumin, 16; from wild cumin, 26

20.57| from ami, 10

20.58| from the caper, 18

20.59| from ligusticum or panax, 3

20.60| from the ox cunila, 5

20.61| from the hen cunila or origanum, 5

20.62| from cunilago, 8

20.63| from soft cunila, 2; from libanotis, 2

20.64| from cultivated cunila, 3; from mountain cunila, 7

20.65| from piperitis or siliquastrum, 5

20.66| from origanum onites or prasion, 6

20.67| from tragoriganum, 9

20.68| from Heraclean origanum, 3 kinds, 30 medicines

20.69| from lepidium, 3

20.70| from git or melanthium, 23

20.71| from anesum or anicetum, 61 (72, 73); from dill, 9

20.74| from sacopenium or sagapenum, 13

20.75| from white poppy, 2; from black poppy, 8; on sleep; on opium; against the potions they call anodyne, fever-breaking, digestive and coeliac; from wild poppy, 2; meconium

20.76| from the rhoeas poppy, 2

20.77| from the horned poppy or glaucium or paralius, 5

20.78| from the Heraclean poppy or aphrode, 2; dia kodyon

20.79| from the tithymalus poppy or paralius, 3; in what manner the juice of herbs is to be collected

20.80| from purslane, 45; from peplus, 45

20.81| from coriander, 21

20.82| from atriplex, 14

20.83| from the mallow malope, 46; from the mallow malache, 1; from the mallow althaea or plistolochia, 19

20.84| from wild dock or oxalis or canterine dock or rumex, 1; from oxylapathum, 7; from hydrolapathum, 2; from hippolapathum, 6

20.85| from cultivated dock, 21; from bulapathum, 1

20.86| from mustard, 3 kinds, 48 medicines

20.87| from adarca, 48

20.88| from marrubium or prasion or linostrophon or philopaes or philochares, 29

20.89| from serpyllum, 18

20.90| from sisymbrium or thymbraeum, 13

20.91| from linseed, 27

20.92| from blitum, 6

20.93| from Athamantic meum, 7

20.94| from fennel, 23

20.95| from hippomarathum or myrsineum, 5

20.96| from hemp, 7

20.97| from the ferula, 8

20.98| from the thistle or scolymus, 6

20.99| the composition of theriaca

20.100| Total: medicines, histories and observations 1606. FROM THE AUTHORITIES: Cato the Censor. Marcus Varro. Pompeius Lenaeus. Gaius Valgius. Hyginus. Sextius Niger, who wrote in the Greek language. Julius Bassus, likewise. Celsus. Antonius Castor. FOREIGN AUTHORITIES: Democritus. Theophrastus. Orpheus. Menander, who wrote the Biochresta. Pythagoras. Nicander. PHYSICIANS: Hippocrates. Chrysippus. Diocles. Ophion. Heraclides. Hicesius. Dionysius. Apollodorus of Citium. Apollodorus of Tarentum. Praxagoras. Plistonicus. Medius. Dieuches. Cleophantus. Philistion. Asclepiades. Crateuas. Petronius Diodotus. Iollas. Erasistratus. Diagoras. Andreas. Mnesides. Epicharmus. Damion. Dalion. Sosimenes. Tlepolemus. Metrodorus. Solon. Lycus. Olympias of Thebes. Philinus. Petrichus. Miccion. Glaucias. Xenocrates. the natures of flowers and of garlands; on strophia; who invented the mixing of flowers in wreaths; when little garlands were first so called, and why

21.3| who first gave crowns of silver and gold leaves; why they were called corollaria; on fillets; who first engraved them

21.4| how great the honour of crowns was among the ancients

21.5| the severity of the ancients about crowns

21.6| whom the Roman people honoured with flowers

21.7| plaited crowns; on stitched crowns; on those of nard; on those of silk

21.8| the deed of Queen Cleopatra with crowns

21.9| on the rose; its kinds, 12

21.10| medicines, 32

21.73| of the lily, kinds, 3 (n); medicines, 21

21.74| born from its own tear

21.11| of the narcissus, kinds, 3

21.12| medicines, 16

21.75| those whose seed is dyed, so that they are born tinted

21.13| in what manner each is born, sown, cultivated, under the several kinds (14-37); the colours of the violet, 3

21.14| medicines, 17

21.76| of the luteae, kinds, 5; medicines, 10; the caltha; the royal flower

21.15| baccar

21.16| medicines, 17

21.77| combretum, medicines, 1; crocus

21.17| medicines, 20

21.81| where the best flowers are; which flowers were in use in the Trojan times; on the nature of scents

21.18| iris

21.19| medicines, 41

21.83| saliunca

21.20| medicines, 2; polium or teuthrion

21.21| medicines, 18

21.84| which flower has one colour in the morning, another at midday, another at the setting of the sun; the rivalry of garments with flowers

21.22| amaranth

21.23| cyanus

21.24| medicines, 2; holochrysos, medicines, 3

21.85| petilium; bellio

21.25| chrysocome or chrysitis

21.26| medicines, 6; which shrubs furnish garlands with their flower

21.27| which with their leaf

21.28| melothrum; spiraea; origanum; cneorum or casia, kinds, 2; melissophyllum or melittaena

21.29| medicines, 21

21.86| melilotos, which is the Campanian garland (29, 37); medicines, 13

21.87| of trifolium, kinds, 3

21.30| medicines, 4

21.88| myophonum; of thyme, kinds, 2

21.31| medicines, 33

21.89| those that grow from the flower, not from seed; conyza

21.32| the flower of Jupiter; hemerocallis

21.33| medicines, 4

21.90| Helenium, medicines, 5

21.91| phlox, which is fragrant in its branches and leaf; habrotonum

21.34| medicines, 22

21.92| Adonium; kinds, 2; that which propagates itself; leucanthemum, medicines, 1

21.93| amaracum or sampsuchum

21.35| medicines, 11; nyctegreton or chenamyche or nyctalops

21.36| in what order of seasons flowers are born (38, 39); the crown anemone or phrenion

21.38| medicines, 10

21.94| the herb oenanthe, medicines, 6

21.95| melania; Heliochrysos, medicines, 11

21.96| lychnis

21.39| medicines, 7

21.98| gladiolus; hyacinth, medicines, 8

21.97| tiphyon; of pothos, kinds, 2; of orsina, kinds, 2; vicapervica or chamaedaphne, medicines, 4

21.99| which herb is always green; how long the life of each flower is

21.40| what is to be sown among the flowers for the sake of bees; cerintha

21.41| on the food of bees; on their diseases and remedies (42, 43); on poisoned honey and the remedies for it

21.44| on mad honey

21.45| on honey which flies do not touch

21.46| on hives; on beehives and the care of them

21.47| if bees feel hunger

21.48| on making wax; what its best kinds are; on Punic wax

21.49| the use of herbs growing of their own accord among any peoples; their natures, their marvels (50-108); fraga; tamnus; ruscus

21.50| medicines, 4

21.100| batis, kinds, 2; medicines, 2

21.101| the meadow parsnip; the willow-bed wolf; colocasia

21.51| medicines, 2

21.102| anthalium

21.52| anthyllium or anthyllum, medicines, 6

21.103| oetum; those whose roots bring forth nothing above ground: arachidne, aracos; candryala; hypochoeris; caucalis; enthryscum; scandix, the same as tragopogon; parthenium or leucanthes or amaracum or perdicium or muralis, medicines, 8

21.104| trychnum or strychnum or halicacabum or callias or dorycnion or manicon or peritton or neuras or morion or moly, medicines, 3

21.105| corchorus, medicines 6

21.106| aphace; achynops; epipetron; which never flowers, which always; of cnecus, kinds, 3

21.53| medicines, 3

21.107| herbs of the prickly kind (54-58); eryngium; glycyrrhiza

21.54| tribulus (54, 58); anonis

21.58| pheos or stoebe; hippophaes; of nettles, kinds, 4; lamium; scorpio

21.55| acorna; leucacanthos; chalceos; cnecos; polyacanthos; onopyxos; helxine; scolymos; chamaeleon; tetralix; atractylis or phonos; acanthice mastiche

21.56| cactos; [tenica, pappum, ascalia]

21.57| kinds of herbs by their stalks: coronopus; anchusa; anthemis; phyllanthes; crepis; lotos

21.59| differences of herbs by their leaves: which do not shed their leaves; which flower in parts

21.60| heliotropium, adiantum? herbs whose medicines will be told in the following book (29, 39); kinds of those with ears: stanyops; alopecuros; stelephuros or ortyx or plantago; thryallis

21.61| perdicium; ornithogale

21.62| those born after a year, flowering from the top, likewise from the bottom

21.63| the herb lappa which bears within itself; Opuntia, making a root from a leaf

21.64| iasine; chondrylla; picris; which flower the whole year

21.65| those in which the flower comes before the stalks emerge, those in which the stalk comes before the flower; which flowers three times

21.66| cypiros

21.67| medicines, 8

21.69| thesium; asphodelus or royal spear; anthericus or albucum

21.68| of rushes, kinds, 6; medicines, 4; cyperus, medicines, 14; cyperis; cypira

21.70| holoschoenos

21.71| medicines from the scented rush or teuchites, 10

21.72| medicines from asarum, 8

21.78| medicines from Gallic nard, 8

21.79| medicines from the herb they call phu, 4

21.80| [Syrian] crocomagma, medicines, 2

21.82| pesoluta, medicines, 1

21.108| the interpretation of Greek names in weights and measures

21.109| Total: medicines, histories and observations 730. FROM THE AUTHORITIES: Cato the Censor. Marcus Varro. Masurius. Antias. Caepio. Vestinus. Vibius Rufinus. Hyginus. Pomponius Mela. Pompeius Lenaeus. Cornelius Celsus. Calpurnius Bassus. Gaius Valgius. Licinius Macer. Sextius Niger, who wrote in the Greek language. Julius Bassus, likewise. Antonius Castor. FOREIGN AUTHORITIES: Theophrastus. Democritus. Orpheus. Pythagoras. Mago. Menander, who wrote the Biochresta. Nicander. Homer. Hesiod. Musaeus. Sophocles. Anaxilaus. PHYSICIANS: Mnesitheus, who wrote on garlands. Callimachus, likewise. Phanias the natural philosopher. Timaristus. Simus. Hippocrates. Chrysippus. Diocles. Ophion. Heraclides. Hicesius. Dionysius. Apollodorus of Citium. Apollodorus of Tarentum. Praxagoras. Plistonicus. Medius. Dieuches. Cleophantus. Philistion. Asclepiades. Crateuas. Petronius Diodotus. Iollas. Erasistratus. Diagoras. Andreas. Mnesides. Epicharmus. Damion. Dalion. Sosimenes. Tlepolemus. Metrodorus. Solon. Lycus. Olympias of Thebes. Philinus. Petrichus. Miccion. Glaucias. Xenocrates. the authority of herbs (1-7); peoples who use herbs for the sake of beauty; garments dyed with herbs; likewise the Gallic cloaks with pigment; on the sagmina; on the verbenae and the clarigatio; on the grass crown; on the rarity of it; those who alone were presented with that crown; the one centurion alone; medicines from the remaining ornaments: from eryngium or eryngion, which has a hundred heads, 30 (8, 9); from acanus, 1; from glycyrrhiza or adipson, 15; from stomatice, 1; from tribulus, kinds, 2, medicines, 12; stoebe or pheos

22.13| hippophaes, kinds, 2, medicines, 2

22.14| from nettle, 61

22.15| from lamium, 7

22.16| from scorpio, kinds, 2, medicines, 1

22.17| from leucacantha, which is phyllos or ischas or polygonatum, 4

22.18| from helxine, 12

22.19| from perdicium or parthenium or sideritis, which is urceolaris or astercum, 11

22.20| from chamaeleon or ixia or ulophytum or cynozolon, kinds, 2, medicines, 12; mastic

22.21| from coronopus

22.22| from anchusa, 14

22.23| from pseudoanchusa, which is echis or doris, 3

22.24| from onochilus or archebium or onochelis or rhexia or enchrysa, 10; a plant whose roots change colour (25)

22.25| from anthemis or leucanthemis or leucanthemum or chamaemelum or melanthium, kinds, 3, medicines, 11

22.26| from the herb lotus, 3

22.27| from lotometra, 2

22.28| from heliotropium or helioscopium or verrucaria, 12; from heliotropium or tricoccum or scorpiurum, 14

22.29| from adiantum or callitrichum or trichomanes or polytrichum or saxifrage, kinds, 2; medicines, 28; a shrub without a root (30); from picris, 1; from thesium, 1

22.31| from asphodel, 51

22.32| from halimus, 14

22.33| from acanthus or paederos or melamphyllum, 5

22.34| from bupleurum, 5

22.35| from buprestis, 1

22.36| from elaphoboscum, 9

22.37| from scandix, 8; from enthryscum, 2

22.38| from iasine, 4

22.39| from caucalis, 12

22.40| from sium, 11

22.41| from sillybum

22.42| from scolymus or limonium, 5

22.43| from sonchus, kinds, 2, medicines, 15

22.44| from condrion or condrilla, 6

22.45| on boleti, the peculiarity of their growth

22.46| on mushrooms; the marks of the poisonous; medicines from them, 9

22.47| from silphium, 7

22.48| from laser, 39

22.49| from propolis, 5; from honey, 16

22.50| from honey-water, 18 (51, 52); why with the kind of food manners also change

22.52| from honeyed wine, 6

22.53| from melitites, 3

22.54| from wax, 8

22.55| against the compositions of physicians

22.56| medicines from grain (57-76): from siligo, 1; from wheat, 2; from chaff, 2; from spelt, 1; from bran, 1; arinca; athera, 2

22.57| meal by kinds, medicines, 39

22.58| from polenta, 8

22.59| from pollen, 5; from porridge, 1; paper flour, 1

22.60| from alica, 6

22.61| from millet, 6

22.62| from panic, 4

22.63| from sesima, 7; from sesamoides, 3; Anticyric, 4

22.64| from barley, 9; from mouse barley, which the Greeks call Phoenician, 1

22.65| from ptisana, 4

22.66| from starch, 8; from oats, 1

22.67| from bread, 21

22.68| from the bean, 14

22.69| from the lentil, 32; phako epi telmaton, 2

22.70| from elelisphacus or sphacus, which is sage, 13

22.71| from the chickpea and cicercula, 26

22.72| from ervum, 20

22.73| from the lupin, 35

22.74| from irio or erysimum, which the Gauls call vela, 15

22.75| from hormium, 6

22.76| from darnel, 5

22.77| the herb miliaria, 1

22.78| from bromus, 1

22.79| from orobanche or cynomorium, 1

22.80| against the little creatures of pulses, 1

22.81| on zythum, 1; foam

22.82| Total: medicines, histories and observations 906. FROM THE AUTHORITIES: the same as in the previous book, and besides them Chrysermus, Eratosthenes, Alcaeus. medicines from cultivated trees: from vines, 20; from the leaves and tendrils of vines, 12; from the omphacium of vines, 14; from oenanthe, 21; from fresh grapes

23.6| from kinds of preserved grapes, medicines, 11

23.7| from vine shoots, 1

23.8| from the kernels of grapes, 6

23.9| from grape-pressings, 3

23.10| from the theriac grape, 4

23.11| from raisins or astaphis, 17

23.12| from wild astaphis or staphis or pituitaria, 12

23.13| from the wild vine or taminian grape, which is also the wild ampelos, 12

23.14| from salicastrum, 12

23.15| from the white vine or ampelos leuce or staphyle or melothrum or psilothrum or archezostis or cedrostis or madum, 31

23.16| from the black vine or bryonia or Chironia or gynaecanthe or apronia, 35

23.17| from must, 15

23.18| from Falernian, 6; from Alban, 2; from Surrentine, 3

23.20| from Setine, 1; from Statanian, 1; from Signine, 1

23.21| from other wines, 14

23.22| observations about wines, 61 (22, 23); to which sick people they are to be given, when to be given, in what way to be given; observations about these, 91 (24-26); from vinegar, 33

23.27| from squill vinegar, 17

23.28| from oxymel, 7; from oxyalme, 7

23.29| from sapa, 7

23.30| from the lees of wine, 12

23.31| from the lees of vinegar, 17

23.32| from the lees of sapa, 4

23.33| from olive leaves, 23

23.34| from the flower, 4; from the olive itself, 6

23.35| from white olives, 4; from black olives, 3

23.36| from the lees of oil, 21

23.37| from the leaves of the wild olive, 21

23.38| from omphacium, 3

23.39| from oenanthine oil, 28

23.40| from cicinum, 16

23.41| from almond oil, 16

23.42| from laurel oil, 9

23.43| from myrtle oil, 20

23.44| from chamaemyrsine or oxymyrsine, cypress oil, citrus oil, caryinum, Cnidian oil, mastic oil, balanine oil

23.45| from cyprinum and from the cypros itself, 15

23.46| from gleucinum, 1; from balsam oil, 15 (46, 47); from malobathrum, 5

23.48| from hyoscyaminum, 2; from thermine, 1; from narcissine, 1; from raphanine, 2; from sesamine, 3; from lily oil, 4; Selgitic, 1; Iguine, 1

23.49| from elaeomeli, 2; from pissinum, 2

23.50| from palms, 9

23.51| from the myrobalanus palm, 3

23.52| from the palm elate, 15

23.53| medicines from the flower, leaves, fruit, branches, bark, juice, wood, root and ashes of the several kinds (54-83); from apples, observations 6; from quinces, 25; from struthia, 1

23.54| from sweet apples, 6; from sour apples, 1

23.55| from citrus, 5

23.56| from pomegranates, 23 (57, 58); stomatice, 14

23.58| from cytinus, 9

23.59| from balaustium, 15

23.60| from pears, observations 13

23.62| from figs, 111

23.63| from wild figs, 42

23.64| from the herb erineus, 3

23.65| from plums, 4

23.66| from peaches, 2

23.67| from wild plums, 2

23.68| from the lichen of trees, 2

23.69| from mulberries, 49 (70, 71); stomatice or arteriace [or] panchrestos, 4

23.71| from cherries, 5

23.72| from medlars, 2; from service-berries, 2

23.73| from pine nuts, 13

23.74| from almonds, 29

23.75| from Greek nuts, 5

23.76| from walnuts, 24; an antidote

23.77| from hazelnuts, 3; from pistachios, 8; from chestnuts, 5

23.78| from siliquae, 5; from the cornel, 1; from unedones

23.79| from laurels, 69

23.80| from myrtle berries, 60

23.81| from myrtidanum, 13

23.82| from oxymyrsine or chamaemyrsine, which is ruscus, 6

23.83| Total: medicines, histories and observations 1418. FROM THE AUTHORITIES: Gaius Valgius. Pompeius Lenaeus. Sextius Niger, who wrote in the Greek language. Julius Bassus, likewise. Antonius Castor. Marcus Varro. Cornelius Celsus. Fabianus. FOREIGN AUTHORITIES: Theophrastus. Democritus. Orpheus. Pythagoras. Mago. Menander, who wrote the Biochresta. Nicander. Homer. Hesiod. Musaeus, Sophocles, Anaxilaus. PHYSICIANS: Mnesitheus. Callimachus. Phanias the natural philosopher. Timaristus. Simus. Hippocrates. Chrysippus. Diocles. Ophion. Heraclides. Hicesius. Dionysius. Apollodorus of Citium. Apollodorus of Tarentum. Praxagoras. Plistonicus. Medius. Dieuches. Cleophantus. Philistion. Asclepiades. Crateuas. Petronius Diodotus. Iollas. Erasistratus. Diagoras. Andreas. Mnesides. Epicharmus. Damion. Dalion. Sosimenes. Tlepolemus. Metrodorus. Solon. Lycus. Olympias of Thebes. Philinus. Petrichus. Miccion. Glaucias. Xenocrates. medicines from wild trees: from the Italian lotus, 6; from acorns, 13; from the coccum of the holm oak, 3; from the gall, 23

24.5| from mistletoe, 9

24.6| from the balls of the acorn-bearers, 1; from the cerrus, 8

24.7| from the cork oak, 2

24.8| from the beech, 4

24.9| from the cypress, 23

24.10| from the cedar, 13

24.11| from cedris, 10

24.12| from galbanum, 26

24.13| from Hammoniacum, 24

24.14| from styrax, 12

24.15| from spondylium, 17

24.16| from sphagnos or sphacos or bryon, 5

24.17| from the terebinth, 6

24.18| from the pitch-pine, 8

24.19| from chamaepitys, 15

24.20| from pityusa, 6

24.21| from resins, 25

24.22| from pitch, 27

24.23| from pisselaeon or palimpissa, 16

24.24| from pissasphaltum, 2

24.25| from zopissa, 1

24.26| from the torch-pine, 1

24.27| from the lentisk, 22

24.28| from the plane, 15

24.29| from the ash, 5

24.30| from the maple, 1

24.31| from the poplar, 8

24.32| from the elm, 16

24.33| from the linden, 5

24.34| from the elder, 15

24.35| from the juniper, 21

24.36| from the willow, 14; Amerine, 1

24.37| from the vitex, 33

24.38| from the erice, 1

24.39| from broom, 5

24.40| from myrice, which is also tamarisk, 3

24.41| from virga sanguinea, 1

24.43| from brya, 19

24.42| from siler, 3

24.44| from privet, 8

24.45| from the alder, 1

24.46| from ivy, 39

24.47| from cistus, 5

24.48| from the red cissus, 2; from chamaecissus, 2; from smilax, 2; from clematis, 2

24.49| from the reed, 19

24.50| from papyrus, paper, 3

24.51| from ebony, 5

24.52| from the rhododendron, 1

24.53| from rhus, kinds, 2, medicines, 6; stomatice

24.54| from red rhus, 9

24.55| from erythrodanum, 11

24.56| from alyssum, 2

24.57| from radicula or struthion, 16; from apocynum, 2

24.58| from rosemary, 18

24.59| from cachrys, 5

24.60| from the Sabine herb, 7

24.61| from selago, 2

24.62| from samolus, 2

24.63| from gum, 11

24.64| from the Arabian thorn, 4

24.65| from the white thorn, 2; from acanthion, 1

24.66| from acacia, 18

24.67| from aspalathus or erysisceptrum or adipsatheon or diaxylon, 9 (68, 69); from the appendix thorn, 2; from pyracantha, 1

24.70| from paliurus, 10

24.71| from the holly, 10; from the yew, 1

24.72| from brambles, 51; stomatice

24.73| from cynosbatos, 3

24.74| from the Idaean bramble, 3

24.75| from rhamnus, kinds, 2, medicines, 5

24.76| from Lycium, 18

24.77| from sarcocolla, 2

24.78| from oporice, 2

24.79| from trixago or chamaedrys or chamaerops or Teucria, 16

24.80| from chamaedaphne, 6

24.81| from chamelaea, 6

24.82| from chamaesyce, 8

24.83| from the herb chamaecissus, 1

24.84| from chamaeleuce or farfarus or farfugium, 1

24.85| from chamaepeuce, 2; from chamaecyparissus, 2; from ampeloprason, 6; from stachys, 1

24.86| from clinopodium or cleopicton or zopyrontium or odmoides, 3

24.87| from the clematis centunculus, 3

24.88| from clematis or aetites or lagine, 10

24.89| from Egyptian clematis or daphnoides or polygonoides, 2

24.90| from arum, 42 (91, 92); from dracunculus, 2

24.93| from aris, 4

24.94| from milifolium or myriophyllon, 7

24.95| from pseudobunium, 4

24.96| from myrris or myrra or myriza, 8

24.97| from oenobreches, 3

24.98| the Magic herbs (99-102): coracesia and calicia

24.99| Minyas or Corinthia, 1

24.100| aproxi.; the Pythagorean herb, on relapses of diseases

24.101| aglaophotis or marmaritis; Achaemenis or hippophobas; Theombrotion or semnion; adamantis; Arianis, theronarca; Aethiopis or Meroïs; ophiusa; thalassaegle or potamaugis; theangelis; gelotophyllis; hestiateris or protomedia or casignete or Dionysonymphas; helianthis or heliocallis; hermesias; aeschynomene; crocis; onothuris; anacampseros

24.102| eriphia

24.103| the herb lanaria, 1; lactoris, 1; militaris, 1

24.104| stratiotes, 5

24.105| the herb from the head of a statue, 1

24.106| the herb from rivers, 1

24.107| the herb lingua, 1

24.108| the herb from a sieve, 1

24.109| the herb from dung-heaps, 1

24.110| the herb from the urine of dogs, 1

24.111| rodarum, 3

24.112| impia, 2

24.113| Venus's comb, 1

24.114| exedum, 1; notia, 1

24.115| philanthropes, 1; the dog's burr, 2

24.116| tordylon or syreon, 3

24.117| grass, 17

24.118| dactylos, 5

24.119| Greek hay, which is silicia, 31

24.120| Total: medicines, histories and observations 1176. FROM THE AUTHORITIES: Gaius Valgius. Pompeius Lenaeus. Sextius Niger, who wrote in the Greek language. Julius Bassus, likewise. Antonius Castor. Cornelius Celsus. FOREIGN AUTHORITIES: Theophrastus, Apollodorus. Democritus. Orpheus. Pythagoras. Mago. Menander, who wrote the Biochresta. Nicander. Homer. Hesiod. Musaeus. Sophocles. Anaxilaus. PHYSICIANS: Mnesitheus. Callimachus. Phanias the natural philosopher. Timaristus. Simus. Hippocrates. Chrysippus. Diocles. Ophion. Heraclides. Hicesius. Dionysius. Apollodorus of Citium. Apollodorus of Tarentum. Praxagoras. Plistonicus. Medius. Dieuches. Cleophantus. Philistion. Asclepiades. Crateuas. Petronius Diodotus. Iollas. Erasistratus. Diagoras. Andreas. Mnesides. Epicharmus. Damion. Sosimenes. Tlepolemus. Metrodorus. Solon. Lycus. Olympias of Thebes. Philinus. Petrichus. Miccion. Glaucias. Xenocrates.

25.0| the natures of herbs growing of their own accord; the authority of herbs; on the origin of their use

25.1| who have written in Latin on their use

25.2| when that knowledge reached the Romans

25.3| who were the first of the Greeks to write on these things (4, 5); why those remedies are less practised; herbs found by marvellous means: cynorrhodon, medicines, 2; dracunculus stalk, 1; Britannica, 5

25.6| on the greatest pain

25.7| the discoverers of the famous herbs (7-39); moly, 3

25.8| dodeka theon, 1

25.9| paeony or pentorobos or glycyside, 1

25.10| panaces Asclepion, 2

25.11| panaces Heraclion, 3

25.12| panaces Chironion, 4

25.13| panaces Centaurion or Pharnacion, 3

25.14| Heraclion siderion, 4

25.15| hyoscyamus, which is the Apollinaris or altercum; kinds, 5; medicines, 4

25.17| linozostis or parthenion or Hermu poa, which is Mercurialis, kinds, 2; medicines, 22

25.18| Achillea sideritis or panaces Heracleum, which is milifolium or the royal broom, kinds, 6; medicines, 3

25.19| Teucria or hermione or splenios, 2

25.20| Melampodium or hellebore, which is veratrum, kinds, 3; in what manner it is gathered, in what manner it is tested

25.21| medicines from the black, 24; in what manner it is to be taken

25.22| likewise in the white; medicines from it, 23

25.23| to whom it is not to be given; observations about both kinds, 88 (24, 25); Mithridatia, 2

25.26| scordotis or scordion, 4

25.27| Polemonia or Philetaeria or chiliodynamus, 6

25.28| Eupatoria, 1

25.29| Centaurion or Chironion, 20

25.30| Centaurion lepton or libadion, which is the gall of the earth, 22

25.31| Centauris triorchis, 2

25.32| Clymenos, 2

25.33| Gentiana, 13

25.34| Lysimachia, 8

25.35| Artemisia or parthenis or botrys or ambrosia, 5

25.36| nymphaea or Heraclion or rhopalon or mallos; kinds, 2; medicines, 14

25.37| of Euphorbea, kinds, 2; medicines, 4

25.38| of plantain, kinds, 2; medicines, 46

25.39| buglossos, 2

25.40| cynoglossos, 3

25.41| buphthalmos or chalca, 1

25.42| herbs which peoples discovered (43-49); the Scythian, 3

25.43| hippace, 3

25.44| ischaemon, 2

25.45| cestros or psychrotrophon, which is Vettonica or serratula, 48

25.46| the Cantabrian, 2

25.47| consiligo, 1

25.48| the Iberian, 7

25.49| herbs discovered by animals (50-53): chelidonia, 6; canaria, 1; dictamnum, 8; pseudodictamnum or chondris; in which places herbs are most potent; that on account of herbs milk is drunk in Arcadia

25.53| aristolochia or clematitis or Cretica or plistolochia or lochia polyrrhizos, which is the apple of the earth, 22

25.54| argemonia, 4

25.56| agaricum, 33

25.57| echios, kinds, 3; medicines, 2

25.58| hierabotane or aristereon, which is verbenaca, kinds, 2; medicines, 10

25.59| blattaria, 1

25.60| molemonium, 1

25.61| pentapetes or pentaphyllon or chamaezelon, which is quinquefolium, medicines, 33

25.62| sparganion, 1

25.63| of daucus, kinds, 4; medicines, 18

25.64| theronarca, 2

25.65| persollata or arcion, 8

25.66| cyclaminos, which is the tuber of the earth, 12

25.67| cyclaminos cissanthemos, 4

25.68| cyclaminos chamaecissos, 3

25.69| peucedanum, 28

25.70| ebulum, 6

25.71| polemonia, 1

25.72| phlomos, which is verbascum, 15

25.73| phlomides, 2; phlomis lychnitis or thryallis

25.74| thelyphonon or scorpio, 1

25.75| phrynion or neuras or poterion, 1

25.76| alcima or damasonion or lyron, 18

25.77| peristereos, 6

25.78| antirrhinon or pararrhinon or wild lychnis, 3

25.80| euplia, 1

25.81| pericarpum, kinds, 2; medicines, 2

25.82| nymphaea Heraclia, 2

25.83| lingulaca, 1

25.84| cacalia or leontice, 3

25.85| callithrix, 1

25.86| hyssop, 20

25.87| lonchitis, 4

25.88| xiphion or phasganion, 4

25.89| psyllion or cynois or chrysallion or Sicelicon or cynomyia, 16; thryselion, 1

25.90| remedies for the eyes (91-103): anagallis or acorum, which is the cat's eye, kinds, 2; medicines, 6

25.92| aegilops, 2

25.93| mandragoras or Circeion or morion or hippophlomon; kinds, 2; medicines, 14

25.94| hemlock, 13

25.95| cremnos agrios, 3

25.96| molybdaena, 1

25.97| capnos truncated, which is the hen's feet, 1

25.98| capnos shrubby, 3

25.99| acorum or acorion, 17

25.100| of cotyledon, kinds, 2; medicines, 61

25.101| aizoum the greater or buphthalmon or zoophthalmon or stergethron or hypogeson or ambrosion or amerimnon, which is the great sedum or the eye or the little finger, medicines, 31; aizoum the lesser or erithales or trithales or erysithales, which is isoetes or sedum; medicines, 32

25.102| wild andrachle, which is illecebra, 32

25.103| erigeron or pappos or acanthis, which is senecio, 8

25.106| ephemeron, 2

25.107| Venus's basin, 1

25.108| batrachion, which is ranunculus or strumus, kinds, 4; medicines, 13

25.109| stomatice, kinds, 2

25.110| Total: medicines, histories and observations 1292. FROM THE AUTHORITIES: Gaius Valgius. Pompeius Lenaeus. Sextius Niger, who wrote in the Greek language. Julius Bassus, likewise. Antonius Castor. Cornelius Celsus. Fabianus. FOREIGN AUTHORITIES: Theophrastus. Apollodorus. Democritus. Juba. Orpheus. Pythagoras. Mago. Menander, who wrote the Biochresta. Nicander. Homer. Hesiod. Musaeus. Sophocles. Xanthus. Anaxilaus. PHYSICIANS: Mnesitheus. Callimachus. Phanias the natural philosopher. Timaristus. Simus. Hippocrates. Chrysippus. Diocles. Ophion. Heraclides. Hicesius. Dionysius. Apollodorus of Citium. Apollodorus of Tarentum. Praxagoras. Plistonicus. Medius. Dieuches. Cleophantus. Philistion. Asclepiades. Crateuas. Petronius Diodotus. Iollas. Erasistratus. Diagoras. Andreas. Mnesides. Epicharmus. Damion. Sosimenes. Tlepolemus. Metrodorus. Solon. Lycus. Olympias of Thebes. Philinus. Petrichus. Miccion. Glaucias. Xenocrates.

26.0| the remaining medicines by kinds; on new diseases (1); what lichens are

26.2| when they first began in Italy

26.3| likewise the carbuncle

26.4| likewise elephantiasis

26.5| likewise colic

26.6| on the new medicine; on Asclepiades the physician

26.7| by what method he changed the old medicine

26.8| against the Magi

26.9| lichen; kinds, 2; medicines, 5

26.10| Proserpinaca, 1

26.11| bellis, 2

26.13| condurdum, 1

26.14| bechion or arcion or chamaeleuce, which is tussilago, 3

26.16| bechion, which is sage, 4

26.17| molon or syron, 1; amomum, 3

26.19| ephedra or anabasis, 3

26.20| geum, 3

26.21| tripolion, 3

26.22| gromphaena

26.23| [….], 2

26.24| chalcetum, 1 [molemonium, 1]

26.25| halus or cotonea, 5

26.26| chamaerops, 1; stoechas, 1

26.27| astragalus, 6

26.29| ladanum, 13

26.30| chondris or pseudodictamnum, 1; hypocisthis or orobethron, kinds, 2; medicines, 8

26.31| laver or sion, 2

26.32| potamogiton, 8; statice, 3

26.33| ceratia, 2; leontopodion or leuceoron or doripetron or thorybethron [….]; lagopus, 2

26.34| epithymon or hippopheos, 8

26.35| pycnocomon, 4

26.36| polypodion, 3

26.37| scamonia, 8

26.38| tithymalos characias [….]

26.39| tithymalos myrtites or caryites, 21

26.40| tithymalos paralius or tithymalis, 4

26.41| tithymalos helioscopios, 18

26.42| tithymalos cyparissias, 18

26.43| tithymalos platyphyllos or corymbites or amygdalites, 3

26.44| tithymalos dendroides or cobios or leptophyllos, 18

26.45| apios ischas or wild raphanus, 2

26.46| crethmon, 11; cachrys

26.50| anthyllion, 2; anthyllis, 2

26.51| cepaea, 1

26.52| hypericon or chamaepitys or corisson, 9

26.53| caros or hypericon, 10

26.54| callithrix, 1; perpressa, 1; chrysanthemum, 1; anthemis, 1

26.55| silaus, 1

26.56| the Fulvian herb

26.57| inguinalis or argemo

26.59| Chrysippeos, 1

26.60| orchis or Serapias, 5

26.62| satyrion, 3; Erythraean satyrion, 4

26.63| lappago or mollugo, 1; asperugo, 1

26.65| phycos, which is sea weed, kinds, 3; medicines, 5; the ox burdock

26.66| geranion or myrris or myrtis, kinds, 3; medicines, 6

26.68| onothera or onear, 3

26.69| acte or ebulum; chamaeacte

26.73| hippuris or ephedron or anabasis, which is horsetail, kinds, 3; medicines, 17

26.83| stephanomelis

26.84| erysithales, 1

26.85| polycnemon, 1

26.88| arsenogonon, 1; thelygonon, 1

26.91| mastos, 1

26.92| ophrys

26.93| Total: medicines, histories and observations 1019. FROM THE AUTHORITIES: Marcus Varro. Gaius Valgius. Pompeius Lenaeus. Sextius Niger, who wrote in the Greek language. Julius Bassus, likewise. Antonius Castor. Cornelius Celsus. FOREIGN AUTHORITIES: Theophrastus. Apollodorus. Democritus. Juba. Orpheus. Pythagoras. Mago. Menander, who wrote the Biochresta. Nicander. Homer. Hesiod. Musaeus. Sophocles. Xanthus. Anaxilaus. PHYSICIANS: Mnesitheus. Callimachus. Phanias the natural philosopher. Timaristus. Simus. Hippocrates. Chrysippus. Diocles. Ophion. Heraclides. Hicesius. Dionysius. Apollodorus of Citium. Apollodorus of Tarentum. Praxagoras. Plistonicus. Medius. Dieuches. Cleophantus. Philistion. Asclepiades. Crateuas. Petronius Diodotus. Iollas. Erasistratus. Diagoras. Andreas. Mnesides. Epicharmus. Damion. Sosimenes. Tlepolemus. Metrodorus. Solon. Lycus. Olympias of Thebes. Philinus. Petrichus. Miccion. Glaucias. Xenocrates.

27.0| the remaining kinds of herbs; medicines from them: aconitum or thelyphonon or cammaron or pardalianches or scorpion, medicines, 4

27.2| Aethiopis, 4

27.3| ageraton, 4

27.4| aloe, 29

27.5| alcea, 4

27.6| alypon, 1

27.7| alsine, for the same things as helxine, 5

27.8| androsaces, 3

27.9| androsaemon or ascyron, 6

27.10| ambrosia or botrys or Artemisia, 3

27.11| anonis or ononis, 5

27.12| anagyros or acopon, 6

27.13| anonymos, 5

27.14| aparine or omphalocarpos or philanthropes, 4

27.15| arction or arcturon, 5

27.16| asplenos or hemionios, 2

27.17| Asclepias, 2

27.18| aster or bubonion, 3

27.19| ascyron and ascyroides, 4

27.20| aphaca, 3

27.21| alcibium, 1

27.22| alectoros lophos, which is the crest, 2

27.23| alum, which is symphytum petraeum, 14

27.24| red alga, 1

27.25| actaea, 1

27.26| wild ampelos, 4

27.27| absinthium; kinds, 3; medicines, 48

27.28| sea absinthium or seriphum, 2

27.29| ballote or black leek, 3

27.30| botrys or Artemisia, 1

27.31| brabilla, 1

27.32| sea bryon, 5

27.33| bupleuron, 1

27.34| catanance, 1; cemos, 1

27.35| calyx, 3

27.36| calyx or anchusa or rhinodia, 2

27.37| Circeia, 3

27.38| cirsion, 1

27.39| crataegonon, kinds, 2; medicines, 8

27.40| crocodileon, 2

27.41| cynosorchis or orchis, 4

27.42| chrysolachanum, kinds, 2; medicines, 3; coagulum of the earth, 2

27.43| cucullus or strumus or strychnos, 6

27.44| conferva, 2

27.45| Cnidian coccum, 2

27.46| dipsacos, 3

27.47| dryopteris, 2

27.48| drabe, 1

27.49| elatine, 2

27.50| empetros, which our people call calcifraga, 4

27.51| epicactis or elleborine, 2

27.52| epimedion, 3

27.53| ermeaphyllon, 3

27.54| of fern, kinds, 2, which the Greeks call pteris, others blachron, likewise thelypteris, nymphaea pteris, 11

27.55| the ox's thigh

27.56| galeopsis or galeobdolon or galion, 6

27.57| glaux, 1

27.58| glaucion, 3; collyrium, medicines, 2

27.59| glycyside or Paeonia or pentorobon, 20

27.60| gnaphalion or chamaezelon, 6

27.61| gallidraga, 1

27.62| holcus or aristis

27.63| hyoseris, 1

27.64| holosteon, 3

27.65| hippophaeston, 8

27.66| hypoglossa, 1

27.67| hypecoon

27.68| Idaea, 4

27.69| isopyron or phaselion, 3

27.70| lathyris, 2

27.71| leontopetalon or rhapadion, 2

27.72| lycapsos, 2

27.73| lithospermon or exonychon or Dios pyron or Herakleous, 2

27.74| moss of stone, 1

27.75| limeum, 1

27.76| leuce or mesoleucium or leucas, 3

27.77| leucographis, 5

27.78| medion, 3

27.79| myosota or myosotis, 3

27.80| myagros, 1

27.81| nyma, 1

27.82| natrix, 1

27.83| odontitis, 1

27.84| othonna, 1

27.85| onosma, 1

27.86| onopradon, 5

27.87| osyris, 4

27.88| oxys, 2

27.89| polyanthemon or batrachion, 3

27.90| polygonos or polygonion or thalattias or carcinothron or clema or myrtopetalos, which is sanguinaria or orios, kinds, 4; medicines, 33

27.91| pancration, 12

27.92| peplis or syce or meconion or mecon aphrodes, 3

27.93| periclymenon, 5

27.94| pelecinos, 2

27.95| polygala, 1

27.96| poterion or phrynion or neuras, 4

27.97| phalangitis or phalangion or leucacantha, 4

27.98| phyteuma, 1

27.99| phyllon, 1

27.100| pellandrion, 2

27.101| phaleris, 2

27.102| polyrrhizon, 2

27.103| Proserpinaca, 5

27.104| rhecoma, 36

27.105| reseda, 2

27.106| stoechas, 3

27.107| solanum, which the Greeks call strychnon, 2

27.108| Smyrnion, 32; sinon, 2

27.109| Telephion, 4

27.110| trichomanes, 5

27.111| thalietrum, 1

27.112| thlaspi or Persicon napy, 4

27.113| Trachinia, 1

27.114| tragonis or tragion, 3

27.115| tragos or scorpio, 4

27.116| tragopogon or come, 1

27.117| on the ages of herbs

27.118| in what manner the powers of each are made more effective

27.119| the differing faults of peoples

27.120| Total: medicines, histories and observations 602. FROM THE AUTHORITIES: Gaius Valgius. Pompeius Lenaeus. Sextius Niger, who wrote in the Greek language. Julius Bassus, likewise. Antonius Castor. Cornelius Celsus. FOREIGN AUTHORITIES: Theophrastus. Apollodorus. Democritus. Aristogiton. Orpheus. Pythagoras. Mago. Menander, who wrote the Biochresta. Nicander. PHYSICIANS: Mnesitheus. Callimachus. Timaristus. Simus. Hippocrates. Chrysippus. Diocles. Ophion. Heraclides. Hicesius. Dionysius. Apollodorus of Citium. Apollodorus of Tarentum. Praxagoras. Plistonicus. Medius. Dieuches. Cleophantus. Philistion. Asclepiades. Crateuas. Petronius Diodotus. Iollas. Erasistratus. Diagoras. Andreas. Mnesides. Epicharmus. Damion. Sosimenes. Tlepolemus. Metrodorus. Solon. Lycus. Olympias of Thebes. Philinus. Petrichus. Miccion. Glaucias. Xenocrates.

28.0| medicines from animals; whether there is some power of words in healing

28.3| that portents are both confirmed and averted (4, 5); remedies from a human being; against the Magi

28.2| from a man, medicines and observations 226; from a boy, 8 (6-19); from a woman, 61 (20-23); from foreign animals (24-32); from the elephant, 8

28.24| from the lion, 10

28.25| from the camel, 10

28.26| from the hyena, 79

28.27| from the crocodile, 19; Crocodilea, 11

28.28| from the chameleon, 15

28.29| from the scincus, 4

28.30| from the hippopotamus, 7

28.31| from the lynx, 5

28.32| medicines common to wild animals or to tame ones of the same kind (33-41); the use of milk and observations, 57

28.33| on cheeses, 12

28.34| from butter, 25

28.35| oxygala, 1

28.36| the use of fat and observations, 52

28.37| on suet

28.38| on marrow

28.39| on gall

28.40| on blood

28.41| particular medicines from animals, arranged by diseases (42-80): from the boar, 41; from the sow, 60; from the stag, 52; from the wolf, 27; from the bear, 29; from the wild ass, 12; from the ass, 76; from polea, 3; from the wild horse, 11; from the rennet of a foal, 1; from the horse, 42; from hippace, 1; from wild oxen, 2; from the ox, 81; from the bull, 53; from the calf, 59; from the hare, 64; from the fox, 20; from the badger, 2; from the cat, 5; from the goat, 124; from the he-goat, 31; from the kid, 21; on testing bull glue; and medicines from it, 7

28.71| Total: medicines, histories and observations 1682. FROM THE AUTHORITIES: Marcus Varro. Lucius Piso. Antias. Verrius Flaccus. Fabianus. Cato the Censor. Servius Sulpicius. Licinius Macer. Celsus. Masurius. Sextius Niger, who wrote in Greek. Bitho of Dyrrachium. Rabirius the physician. Ofilius the physician. Granius the physician. FOREIGN AUTHORITIES: Democritus. Apollonius, who is also Mys. Meletus. Artemon. Sextilius Antaeus. Homer. Theophrastus. Lysimachus. Attalus. Xenocrates. Orpheus, who wrote the Idiophye. Archelaus, likewise. Demetrius. Sotira. Lais. Elephantis. Salpe. Olympias of Thebes. Diotimus of Thebes. Iollas. Andreas. Marcion of Smyrna. Aeschines the physician. Hippocrates. Aristotle. Metrodorus of Scepsis. Hicetidas the physician. Apelles the physician. Hesiod. Bialcon. Caecilius Bion, who wrote the Peri dynameon. Anaxilaus. King Juba.

29.0| medicines from animals; on the origin of medicine

29.1| on Hippocrates, when clinical medicine first arose, when medicine by anointing first arose

29.2| on Chrysippus the physician, on Erasistratus

29.3| on the empiric school

29.4| on Herophilus; on the rest of the famous physicians; how often the system of medicine has been changed

29.5| who was the first physician at Rome, and when

29.6| what the ancient Romans judged about physicians

29.7| the faults of medicine

29.8| remedies from wools, 35, and in the following book 25: 60

29.9| from oesypum, 32, in the following book 20: 52

29.10| from eggs, 22, in the following book 43: 65; what those eggs are; in what manner they are made wholly yellow

29.11| on the eggs of serpents

29.12| on making the Commagenum; medicines from it, 5

29.13| remedies from animals which are neither tame nor wild (14-40): from the ram, 5, and in the following book 7: 12; from the sheep, 22, and in the following book 55: 77; from mules, 1, and in the following book 5: 6; from horses, 1, and in the following book 3: 4; from the dog, 16, and in the following book 41: 57; from the mad dog, 3, and in the following book 2: 5; from the ichneumon, 1; from the mouse, 14, and in the following book 28: 42; from the shrew-mouse, 4, and in the following book 1: 5; from the dormouse, 2, and in the following book 3: 5; from the sorex, 1, and in the following book 2: 3; from the weasel, 19, and in the following book 25: 44; from the stellion, 4, and in the following book 12: 16; from the hedgehog, 5, and in the following book 13: 18; from the porcupine, 1, and in the following book 2: 3; from the lizard, 13, and in the following book 30: 43; from the salamander, 1, and in the following book 3: 4; from the snail, 6, and in the following book 63: 69; from the asp, 1, and in the following book 3: 4; from the basilisk, 4; from the dragon, 6, and in the following book 4: 10; from the viper, 14, and in the following book 21: 35; on viper salt

29.38| theriake echeon; from the snake, 8, and in the following book 27: 35; from the hydrus, 1; from the bova, 4, and in the following book 3: 7; from the enhydris, 1, and in the following book 2: 3; from the other serpents, 8, and in the following book 7: 15; from the scorpion, 4, and in the following book 2: 6; of spiders and phalangia, kinds, 11; medicines from them, 9, and in the following book 27: 36; from the cricket and the bull, 1, and in the following book 7: 8; from the scolopendra or multipede or milipede or centipede or woodlouse or iulus, 1, and in the following book 20: 21; the wonder of nature, which produces nothing without use

29.17| from the slug, 1, and in the following book 3: 4; [from the caterpillar, 1, and in the following book 2: 3]; from the earthworm, 2, and in the following book 22: 24; from the worm from trees, 1, and in the following book 4: 5; from birds: from the eagle, 4, and in the following book 3: 7; from the vulture, 8, and in the following book 9: 17; from the cock, 31, and in the following book 25: 56; from the hen, 10, and in the following book 22: 32; from the goose, 7, and in the following book 15: 22; [from the swan, 1, and in the following book 5: 6]; on making the fat of birds

29.39| from the raven, 2, and in the following book 4: 6; from the crow, 2, and in the following book 1: 3; from the hawk, 2, and in the following book 2: 4; from the kite, 2, and in the following book 6: 8; from the cenchris, 2; from the stork, 2, and in the following book 1: 3; from the duck, 4, and in the following book 2: 6; from the partridge, 7, and in the following book 7: 14; from the pigeon, 7, and in the following book 25: 32; from the wood pigeon, 2, and in the following book 14: 16; from the woodpecker of Mars, 1; from the turtle dove, 4, and in the following book 5: 9; from the swallow, 9, and in the following book 24: 33; from the night owl, 7, and in the following book 2: 9; [from the ulula, 1, and in the following book 1: 2]; from the owl, 2, and in the following book 5: 7; from the bat, 4, and in the following book 12: 16; from bees, 4, and in the following book 8: 12; from the buprestis, 5, and in the following book 1: 6; from the pityocampe, 5 [and in the following book 4: 6]; that the kindness of nature has put great remedies even into foul animals; from the beetle, 1, and in the following book 7: 8; from the blatta, 4, and in the following book 13: 17; on the kind of the cantharides

29.30| medicines from them, 5, and in the following book 11: 16; from the bedbug, 9, and in the following book 2: 11; from the fly, 7, and in the following book 5: 12; [from locusts, 4, and in the following book 3: 7]; from the attelebi, 1; from ants, 3, and in the following book 5: 8. Total: medicines, histories and observations 621. FROM THE AUTHORITIES: Marcus Varro. Lucius Piso. Flaccus Verrius. Antias. Nigidius. Cassius Hemina. Cicero. Plautus. Celsus. Sextius Niger, who wrote in the Greek language. Caecilius the doctor. Metellus Scipio. Ovid the poet. Licinius Macer. FOREIGN AUTHORITIES: Palaephatus. Homer. Aristotle. Orpheus. Democritus. Anaxilaus. PHYSICIANS: Botrys. Apollodorus. Archedemus. Aristogenes. Xenocrates. Democrates. Diodorus. Chrysippus [the philosopher]. Orus. Nicander. Apollonius of Pitane.

30.0| the remaining medicines from animals, of the previous book; on the origin of magic

30.1| when and by whom it began; by whom it was made famous

30.2| whether Italy practised it; when the senate first forbade a human being to be sacrificed

30.3| on the Druids of the Gauls

30.4| on the kinds of magic

30.5| the opinion of the Magi about moles; medicines, 5

30.7| the remaining medicines, arranged by diseases, from animals of which the kinds are neither tame nor wild (8-53): from the sheep, 55, and in the previous book 22: 77; from the ram, 7, and in the previous book 5: 12; from wool, 25, and in the previous book 35: 60; from oesypum, 20, and in the previous book 32: 52; from mules, 5, and in the previous book 1: 6; from horses, 3, and in the previous book 1: 4; from the dog, 41, and in the previous book 16: 57; from the mad dog, 2, and in the previous book 3: 5; from the viverra, 1; from the mouse, 28, and in the previous book 14: 42; from the shrew-mouse, 1, and in the previous book 4: 5; from the dormouse, 3, and in the previous book 2: 5; from the sorex, 2, and in the previous book 1: 3; from the weasel, 25, and in the previous book 19: 44; from the stellion, 12, and in the previous book 4: 16; from the hedgehog, 13, and in the previous book 5: 18; from the porcupine, 2, and in the previous book 1: 3; from the lizard, 30, and in the previous book 13: 43; from the salamander, 3, and in the previous book 1: 4; from the snail, 63, and in the previous book 6: 69; the medicament akeraton

30.15| from the asp, 3, and in the previous book 1: 4; from the dragon, 4, and in the previous book 6: 10; from the viper, 21, and in the previous book 14: 35; from the snake, 27, and in the previous book 8: 35; from the bova, 3, and in the previous book 4: 7; from the enhydris, 2, and in the previous book 1: 3; from the amphisbaena, 3; from the other serpents, 7, and in the previous book 8: 15; from the scorpion, 2, and in the previous book 4: 6; of spiders and phalangia, kinds, 40; medicines, 27, and in the previous book 9: 36; from the cricket and the bull, 7, and in the previous book 1: 8; from the troxalis, 3; from the phryganion, 1; from the scolopendra or multipede or milipede or centipede or woodlouse or iulus, 20, and in the previous book 1: 21; [the wonder of nature, which produces nothing without use]; from the slug, 3, and in the previous book 1: 4; from the caterpillar, 1; from the earthworm, 22, and in the previous book 2: 24; from the worm from trees, 4, and in the previous book 1: 5; from the worm from herbs, 4; from the herpes, 1; from the tick, 4; from birds: from the eagle, 3, and in the previous book 4: 7; from the vulture, 9, and in the previous book 8: 17; from the ossifrage, 3; from the cock, 25, and in the previous book 31: 56; from the hen, 22, and in the previous book 10: 32; from eggs, 43, and in the previous book 22: 65; [from the Commagenum, 5, and in the previous book 4: 9]; from the goose, 15, and in the previous book 7: 22; from the swan, 5 [and in the previous book 1: 6]; from the otis, 2; from the raven, 4, and in the previous book 2: 6; from the crow, 1, and in the previous book 2: 3; from the hawk, 2, and in the previous book 2: 4; from the kite, 6, and in the previous book 2: 8; from the crane, 2; from the stork, 1, and in the previous book 2: 3; from the ibis, 2; from the ardiola, 1; from the duck, 2, and in the previous book 4: 6; from the mergus, 1; from the partridge, 7, and in the previous book 7: 14; from the pigeon, 25, and in the previous book 7: 32; from the wood pigeon, 14, and in the previous book 2: 16; from the galerita, 4; from the cuckoo, 1; from the woodpecker of Mars, 1; from the turtle dove, 5, and in the previous book 4: 9; from thrushes, 3; from the blackbird, 1; from the swallow, 24, and in the previous book 9: 33; from the night owl, 2, and in the previous book 7: 9; from the ulula, 1 [and in the previous book 1: 2]; from the hoopoe, 1; from the owl, 5, and in the previous book 2: 7; from the sparrow, 5; from the galgulus, 2; from the bat, 12, and in the previous book 4: 16; from cicadas, 1; from bees, 8, and in the previous book 4: 12; from wasps, 2; from the buprestis, 1, and in the previous book 5: 6; [from pityocampae, 4, and in the previous book 2: 6]; [that the kindness of nature has put great remedies even into foul animals]; from the beetle, 7, and in the previous book 1: 8; from the blatta, 13, and in the previous book 4: 17; on the kind of the cantharides; medicines from them, 11, and in the previous book 5: 16; from the bedbug, 2, and in the previous book 9: 11; from the fly, 5, and in the previous book 7: 12; from locusts, 4; from ants, 5, and in the previous book 3: 8. Total: medicines, histories and observations 854. FROM THE AUTHORITIES: Marcus Varro. Nigidius. Marcus Cicero. Sextius Niger, who wrote in the Greek language. Licinius Macer. FOREIGN AUTHORITIES: Eudoxus. Aristotle. Hermippus. Homer. Apion. Orpheus. Democritus. Anaxilaus. PHYSICIANS: Botrys. Apollodorus. Menander. Archedemus. Aristogenes. Xenocrates. Diodorus. Chrysippus the philosopher. Philippus. Horus. Nicander. Apollonius of Pitane.

31.0| medicines from water creatures; the marvels of waters

31.1| the differences of waters

31.2| medicines; observations 266 (3-17); what waters are good for the eyes

31.3| what waters make fertility; what cure madness

31.4| what are good for those with stones

31.5| what for wounds

31.6| what preserve a pregnancy

31.7| what remove vitiligo

31.8| what give colour to wools

31.9| what to human beings

31.10| what give memory, what forgetfulness

31.11| what give keenness of the senses, what dullness, what a tuneful voice

31.12| what cause a distaste for wine, what make drunk

31.13| what take the place of oil

31.14| what are salt and bitter

31.15| those that discharge stones, those that cause laughter or weeping, those said to cure love

31.16| draughts that stay warm through three days

31.17| marvels of waters (18-20); those in which all things sink, those in which nothing

31.18| deadly waters; poisoned fish

31.19| which turn to stone or make stone

31.20| on the healthfulness of waters

31.21| on the faults of waters

31.22| the testing of waters

31.23| on the Marcian water

31.24| on the Virgo water

31.25| the method of finding waters

31.26| the signs of waters

31.27| the difference of waters by the kinds of earth

31.28| the system of waters through the seasons of the year

31.29| historical observation of waters suddenly arising or ceasing

31.30| the method of conducting water

31.31| in what manner medicinal waters are to be used and for what kinds of ill-health

31.32| likewise from sea waters, 29; what benefit sailing is, 5

31.33| in what manner sea water can be made in inland places, 1

31.34| in what manner thalassomel, 1

31.35| in what manner hydromel, 1

31.36| a remedy against foreign waters

31.37| from moss, medicines, 6; medicines from sands

31.38| on the kinds of salt and its preparations and medicines, observations 204 (39-45); on the historical authority of salt, 120

31.41| foam of salt (41, 45); flower of salt, 20; saltness, 2

31.42| on garum, 15; on muria, 15

31.43| on allec, 8

31.44| on the nature of salt

31.45| on the kinds of nitre and its preparations and medicines, observations 221

31.46| on sponges; medicines and observations, 92

31.47| Total: medicines, histories and observations 924. FROM THE AUTHORITIES: Marcus Varro. Cassius of Parma. Cicero. Mucianus. Caelius. Celsus. Trogus. Ovid. Polybius. Sornatius. FOREIGN AUTHORITIES: Callimachus. Ctesias. Eudicus. Theophrastus. Eudoxus. Theopompus. Polyclitus. Juba. Lycus. Apion. Epigenes. Pelops. Apelles. Democritus. Thrasyllus. Nicander. Menander the comic poet. Attalus. Sallustius Dionysius. Andreas. Niceratus. Hippocrates. Anaxilaus.

32.0| medicines from water creatures; the supreme power of nature in antipathy

32.1| on the echenais, 2; on the torpedo, 7

32.2| on the sea hare, 5

32.3| marvels of the Red Sea

32.4| on the talents of fish; marvellous properties of fish (5-9); where oracular answers are given by fish

32.8| where they eat from the hand

32.7| where they recognize a voice; where they are bitter; where salt, where sweet, where not mute; that there is also sympathy or antipathy of places

32.9| when sea fish began to be in use among the Roman people; the ordinance of King Numa about fish

32.10| on coral; medicines and observations, 43

32.11| on the discord of marine creatures among themselves; from the pastinaca, 9; from the galeus, from the mullet, 15

32.12| on those whose living is in water and on land; on castoreum; medicines and observations, 56 (13, 14); on the tortoise; medicines and observations, 66

32.14| from the gilthead, 4; from the sea star, 7

32.16| from the sea dragon, 3; from salted fish, 25; from sardines, 1; cybium

32.17| from the sea frog, 6; river frogs, 52; the bramble frog, observations about them, 32

32.18| from the enhydris, 3; river crabs, 45; sea crabs, 7; from river snails, 7; from coracini, 4; from the porcus fish, 2

32.19| from the sea calf, 10; from the murena, 1; from the sea horse, 9; from sea urchins, 11

32.20| kinds of oysters and observations and medicines, 59; purple, 9

32.21| sea alga, 2

32.22| sea mouse, 2; from the sea scorpion, 11; from leeches, 6; from murices, 13; from conchylia, 5

32.23| fat of fish, 2; callionymus, 3; gall of the coracinus, 1; pectunculus, 1; cuttlefish, 24; ichthyocolla, 5

32.24| batia, 1; bacchus or mizyes, 2; sea lice, 2

32.25| canicula, 4; cetus, 1

32.26| from dolphins, 8; coluthia or coryphia, 3; alcyoneum, 7; tunny, 5

32.27| menae, 16; scolopendra, 2; saurus, 1; conchis, 1; silurus, 15

32.28| strombus or long shell, 6; tethea, 5

32.30| sea vegetable, 1; myaces, 35; mussels, 8; pelorides, 1; seriphum, 2; erythini, 2

32.31| from the sole fish, 1; turbot, 1; blendia, 1; sea nettle, 2; sea lung, 4; onyches, 4; from the water snake, 1; from the hydrus, 1; mugil, 1; from the pelamys, 4

32.32| sciaena, 1; perch, 4; from the squatina, 3; zmarides, 3

32.34| ophidion, 1

32.35| from the beaver, 4; bryon, 1

32.36| from the asellus, 1; phagrus, 1; from the whale, 1

32.38| polypus, 1

32.42| from the glanis, 1

32.45| glauciscus, 1

32.46| rubellio, 1; sea grape, 1; eel, 1

32.49| hippopotamus, 1; crocodile, 1

32.50| adarca or calamochnus, 3; reed, 8

32.52| the names of all the animals living in the sea, 176

32.53| Total: medicines, histories and observations 990. FROM THE AUTHORITIES: Licinius Macer. Trebius Niger. Sextius Niger, a writer in Greek. Ovid the poet. Cassius Hemina. Maecenas. Iacchus. Sornatius. FOREIGN AUTHORITIES: Juba. Andreas. Salpe. Apion. Pelops. Apelles. Thrasyllus. Nicander.

33.0| the natures of metals; on gold (2-25); what its first recommendation is

33.3| on the origin of gold rings

33.4| on the measure of gold among the ancients

33.5| on the equestrian order; on the right to gold rings (6-9); on the decuries of jurors

33.7| how often the name of the equestrian order was changed

33.9| on military gifts of gold and silver

33.10| when a golden crown was first given

33.11| on the remaining use of gold, by women

33.12| on the gold coin

33.13| when bronze, silver, gold were first stamped; what the custom was before they were stamped; in bronze, what the greatest sum of the first census was; how often and at what times the valuation of bronze or of stamped coin was raised; on the desire for gold

33.14| who possessed the most gold and silver

33.15| when the first display of silver was in the arena, when on the stage

33.16| in which periods the Roman people's treasury held the greatest store of gold and silver

33.17| when coffered ceilings were first gilded

33.18| for what reasons gold has pre-eminent authority

33.19| the method of gilding

33.20| on finding gold

33.21| on auripigmentum

33.22| on electrum

33.23| the first golden statues

33.24| medicines from gold, 8

33.25| on chrysocolla (26-29); its use in paintings

33.27| medicines from chrysocolla, 7

33.28| on the goldsmiths' chrysocolla or santerna

33.29| marvels of nature in gluing together and finishing metal things

33.30| on silver

33.31| on quicksilver

33.32| on stimi or stibi or alabaster or larbasis or platyophthalmus; medicines from it, 7

33.34| on the dross of silver; medicines from it, 6; on the foam of silver; medicines from it, 7

33.35| on minium (36-41); how sacred it was among the ancients

33.36| on its discovery and origin

33.37| on cinnabaris

33.38| its use in paintings and in medicine (38, 39); kinds of minium

33.40| its use in paintings; on hydrargyrum

33.41| medicine from minium; on gilding silver

33.42| on goldsmiths' touchstones

33.43| kinds of silver and tests (44-55); on mirrors

33.45| on Egyptian silver

33.46| on immoderate wealth; whose resources were greatest

33.47| when the Roman people first scattered largesse

33.48| on luxury in silver vessels

33.49| examples of ancient frugality in silver

33.50| when silver was first added to couches

33.51| when immoderate platters were made

33.52| when silver was added to sideboards; when drums were made; immoderate prices of silver

33.53| on silver statues

33.54| famous works and artists in silver

33.55| on sil

33.56| who first painted with sil and by what method; on caeruleum; medicines from it, 2 (57, 58). Total: medicines, histories and observations 288. FROM THE AUTHORITIES: Domitian Caesar. Junius Gracchanus. Lucius Piso. Marcus Varro. Corvinus. Atticus Pomponius. Calvus Licinius. Cornelius Nepos. Mucianus. Bocchus. Fetialis. Fenestella. Valerius Maximus. Julius Bassus, who wrote about medicine in Greek. Sextius Niger, likewise. FOREIGN AUTHORITIES: Theophrastus. Democritus. Juba. Timaeus the historian. Those who wrote on metallic medicine: Heraclides. Andreas. Diagoras. Botrys. Archedemus. Dionysius. Aristogenes. Democles. Mnesides. Attalus the physician. Xenocrates, likewise. Theomnestus. Nymphodorus. Iollas. Apollodorus. Pasiteles, who wrote on marvellous works. Antigonus, who wrote on toreutice. Menaechmus, likewise.

34.0| the mines of bronze (1-38); kinds of bronze (2-5); which is Corinthian

34.3| which is Delian

34.4| which is Aeginetic

34.5| on bronze dining-couches (4, 5, 8); on lampstands

34.6| on the ornaments of temples made of bronze

34.7| what was the first image of a god made of bronze at Rome

34.9| on the origin of statues and the honour of statues; kinds and shapes of statues; that ancient statues were togate, without tunics (10, 11); which were the first statues at Rome; to whom first set up publicly; to whom first on a column; when the rostra

34.11| to what foreigners statues were publicly set up at Rome

34.12| to what women statues were set up in public at Rome; which was the first equestrian statue publicly set up at Rome

34.13| when all statues set up privately were removed from public places

34.14| which was the first set up publicly by foreigners

34.15| that in antiquity there were also statuaries in Italy

34.16| on the immoderate prices of statues

34.17| on the most famous colossi in the city

34.18| famous works and artists in bronze, 366

34.19| differences of bronze and mixtures; on pyropus

34.20| on Campanian bronze; on preserving bronze

34.21| on cadmia

34.22| medicines from it, 15

34.23| the effects of burnt bronze in medicine, 10

34.24| on the dross of bronze; on the flower of bronze, the scale of bronze, the stomoma of bronze; medicines from them, 47

34.25| verdigris, medicines from it, 18

34.26| hieracium

34.27| scolex of bronze; medicines from it, 18

34.28| on chalcitis; medicines from it, 7; psoricon

34.29| sori; medicines from it, 3

34.30| misy; medicines from it, 13

34.31| chalcanthum or shoemakers' black; medicines from it, 17

34.32| pompholyx; spodium; medicines from them, 6 (33, 34); antispodium, kinds, 15

34.35| smegma

34.36| on diphryges

34.37| on the Servilian triens

34.38| on iron mines (39-46); images of iron; chasing in iron

34.40| differences of iron

34.41| on the iron they call living

34.42| the tempering of iron; remedies for rust

34.43| medicines from iron, 7

34.44| medicines from rust, 13

34.45| medicines from the scale of iron, 17; hygremplastrum

34.46| on lead mines (47-56); on plumbum album

34.47| on argentarium; on stagnum

34.48| on plumbum nigrum

34.49| medicines from lead, 15

34.50| medicines from the dross of lead, 15

34.51| spodium from lead

34.52| on molybdaena; medicines from it, 5

34.53| psimythium or cerussa; medicines from it, 6

34.54| sandaraca; medicines from it, 11

34.55| arrhenicum

34.56| Total: medicines 258; of these, for dog bites, for the head, alopecias, for the eyes 25, ears, nostrils, faults of the mouth, leprosies, gums, teeth; uvula, phlegm, throat, tonsils, quinsy, cough, vomiting, chest, stomach, shortness of breath, pains of the side, spleen, belly, tenesmus, dysentery, anus, private parts, stopping blood, gout, dropsy sufferers, ulcers, wounds 26, suppurations, bones, paronychia, the sacred fire, haemorrhoids, fistulas, callus, pustules, itch, scars, infants, women's ailments, psilothrum, restraining desire, for the voice, against frenzies. Total: facts, histories and observations 915. FROM THE AUTHORITIES: Lucius Piso. Antias. Verrius. Marcus Varro. Cornelius Nepos. Messala Rufus. Marsus the poet. Bocchus. Julius Bassus, who wrote about medicine in Greek. Sextius Niger, likewise. Fabius Vestalis. FOREIGN AUTHORITIES: Democritus. Metrodorus of Scepsis. Menaechmus, who wrote on toreutice. Xenocrates, likewise. Antigonus, likewise. Duris, likewise. Heliodorus, who wrote about the Athenians' votive offerings. Pasiteles, who wrote on marvellous works. Timaeus. Those who wrote on metallic medicine: Nymphodorus. Iollas. Apollodorus. Andreas. Heraclides. Diagoras. Botrys. Archedemus. Dionysius. Aristogenes. Democles. Mnesides. Xenocrates of Zeno. Theomnestus.

35.0| the honour of painting (1); the honour of likenesses

35.2| when shields in place of likenesses were first instituted; when first set up in public

35.3| when in houses

35.4| on the beginnings of painting; on monochrome paintings; on the first painters

35.5| the antiquity of paintings in Italy

35.6| on Roman painters; when painting first had dignity, and for what reasons; at Rome, those who displayed their victories painted

35.7| when foreign paintings first gained dignity at Rome (8-10); the method of painting

35.11| on pigments apart from the metallic (12-32); on artificial colours

35.12| on Sinopis; medicines from it, 11

35.13| on rubrica; on Lemnian earth; medicines from it, 9

35.14| on Egyptian earth

35.15| on ochre; medicines from rubrica, 3

35.16| leucophorum

35.17| Paraetonium

35.18| Melinum; medicines from it, 6

35.19| burnt cerussa

35.20| Eretrian earth, medicines from it, 6

35.21| sandaraca

35.22| sandyx

35.23| Syricum

35.24| atramentum

35.25| purpurissum

35.26| Indicum; medicines from it, 3

35.27| Armenium; medicines from it, 1

35.28| Appian green

35.29| anulare

35.30| which colours are not applied to a damp surface

35.31| with which colours the ancients painted

35.32| when the fights of gladiators were first painted and displayed

35.33| on the age of painting

35.34| the famous works and artists in painting, 405 (34-41); the first contest of painting

35.35| who painted with the brush (36, 37); on checking the song of birds

35.38| who painted encaustic with the cauterium or cestrum or the brush (39-41); what each first invented in painting

35.39| what is most difficult in painting; on the kinds of painting

35.40| who first painted coffered ceilings; when vaulted ceilings were first painted; marvellous prices of paintings; on the talent; the first inventors of modelling

35.43| who first expressed a likeness from the face

35.44| the famous artists in modelling, 14

35.45| on works of pottery; on Signine

35.46| varieties of earth (47-58); on Puteolan dust and other kinds of earth that turn to stone

35.47| on walls of rammed earth

35.48| on brickwork and the system of bricks

35.49| on sulphur and its kinds; medicines, 14

35.50| on bitumen and its kinds; medicines, 27

35.51| on alum and its kinds; medicines from it, 44

35.52| on Samian earth; medicines from it, 3

35.53| kinds of Eretrian earth

35.54| on earth to be washed for medicine

35.55| on Chian earth, medicines from it, 3; on Selinusian earth, medicines from it, 3; on pnigitis, medicines from it, 9; on ampelitis, medicines from it, 4

35.56| chalks for the use of garments: Cimolian, medicines from it, 9; Sardinian; Umbrian; a rock

35.57| argentaria; who, and whose freedmen, were all-powerful

35.58| earth from Galata; Clupean earth; Balearic earth; Ebusitan earth; medicines from them, 4

35.59| Total: medical remedies, histories and observations, 956. From the authors: Messala the orator; Messala the elder; Fenestella; Atticus; Marcus Varro; Verrius; Nepos Cornelius; Deculo; Mucianus; Melissus; Vitruvius; Cassius Severus; Longulanus; Fabius Vestalis. From foreign authors: those who wrote on painting: Pasiteles; Apelles; Melanthius; Asclepiodorus; Euphranor; Heliodorus, who wrote on Athenian dedications; Metrodorus, who wrote on the science of building; Democritus; Theophrastus; Apion the grammarian. Those who wrote on metallic medicine: Nymphodorus; Iollas; Apollodorus; Andreas; Heraclides; Diagoras; Botrys; Archedemus; Dionysius; Aristogenes; Democles; Mnesides; Xenocrates, son of Zeno; Theomnestus.

36.0| The nature of stones. Luxury in marbles (1-3). Who first had columns of foreign marble at Rome.

36.3| Who first displayed it in public works (2, 3). Who were the first to be praised for carving marble, and at what times.

36.4| On the Mausoleum of Caria. The celebrated works and artists in marble, 225. When marble was first used in buildings.

36.5| Who first sawed marble, and when.

36.6| Who first at Rome covered walls with marble facing.

36.7| In which ages each of the marbles came into use at Rome.

36.8| The method of sawing marble. On the sands with which it is sawn.

36.9| On the Naxian. On the Armenian.

36.10| On the marbles of Alexandria.

36.11| On onyx, or alabastrites. Remedies from it: 3.

36.12| On lygdinum, corallitic, Alabandic, Theban, Syenite.

36.13| On obelisks (14, 15). On the one in the Campus Martius that serves as a gnomon.

36.15| Marvellous works on earth (16-23). The Egyptian Sphinx. The pyramids.

36.17| The Pharos.

36.18| Labyrinths.

36.19| Hanging gardens. A hanging town.

36.20| On the temple of Diana of Ephesus.

36.21| The wonders of other temples.

36.22| On the fugitive stone. An echo resounding seven times. Buildings without a nail.

36.23| The marvels of works at Rome, 18.

36.24| On the magnet stone. Remedies from it: 3.

36.25| The Syrian stone.

36.26| On the sarcophagus, or Assian stone. Remedies from it: 10.

36.27| On chernites. On poros.

36.28| On bone-stones. On palmatian stones. On Taenarian stones. On Coranian stones, on black marbles.

36.29| On millstones. Pyrites; remedies from it: 7.

36.30| Ostracites; remedies from it: 4. Amiantus; remedies from it: 2.

36.31| Geodes; remedies from it: 3.

36.32| Melitinus; remedies from it: 6.

36.33| Gagates; remedies from it: 6.

36.34| Spongites; remedies from it: 2.

36.35| The Phrygian.

36.36| Haematites; remedies from it: 5. Schistos; remedies from it: 7.

36.37| Androdamas; remedies from it: 2. The Arabian. Miltites, or hepatites; anthracites.

36.38| Aetites. The Taphian. Callimus.

36.39| The Samian; remedies from it: 8.

36.40| The Arabian; remedies from it: 2.

36.41| On pumice; remedies from it: 9.

36.42| On mortars for medicine and others. The Etesian stone, chalazius.

36.43| The Siphnian. Soft stones.

36.44| Specular stones.

36.45| Phengites.

36.46| On whetstones.

36.47| On tuffs.

36.48| On the nature of flints. On the remaining stones used for building (49, 50). The kinds of masonry.

36.51| On cisterns.

36.52| On lime.

36.53| The kinds of sand; the mixing of sand and lime.

36.54| Faults in masonry. On plasterwork.

36.55| On columns. The kinds of columns.

36.56| Remedies from lime: 5.

36.57| On maltha.

36.58| On gypsum.

36.59| On pavements (60-64). The asarotos oecos.

36.60| What was the first pavement at Rome.

36.61| On open-air pavements.

36.62| Greek-style pavements.

36.63| When lithostrota first appeared.

36.04| When glass vaults first appeared.

36.64| The origin of glass.

36.65| Its kinds and the method of making it.

36.66| On Obsian ware.

36.67| Marvels of fire.

36.68| Remedies from fire and ash: 3.

36.69| Prodigies of the hearth.

36.70| Total: remedies from these, 89: for snakes, 3; the bites of wild beasts; for poisons; the head; the eyes; epinyctides; the teeth; dentifrices; the throat; scrofulous swellings; the stomach; the liver; phlegm; the testicles; the bladder; stones; panus; haemorrhoids; gout; for staunching blood; for those spitting blood; dislocations; the frenzied; the lethargic; epileptics; the melancholic; dizziness; ulcers; wounds to be cauterized, to be cut; spasms; bruises; blemishes; burns; consumption; the breasts; women's ailments; carbuncles; pestilence. Grand total: matters, histories and observations, 434. From the authors: Marcus Varro; Gaius Galba; Cincius; Mucianus; Cornelius Nepos; Lucius Piso; Quintus Tubero; Fabius Vestalis; Annius Fetialis; Fabianus; Seneca; Cato Censorius; Vitruvius. From foreign authors: Theophrastus; Pasiteles; King Juba; Nicander; Sotacus; Sudines; Alexander Polyhistor; Apion Plistonices; Duris; Herodotus; Euhemerus; Aristagoras; Dionysius; Artemidorus; Butorides; Antisthenes; Demetrius; Demoteles; Lyceas.

37.0| The origin of gems.

37.1| On the gem of the tyrant Polycrates, and that of King Pyrrhus (2, 3). Who were the best engravers.

37.4| The celebrated works of engraving. What was the first dactyliotheca at Rome.

37.5| Gems carried in the triumph of Pompey the Great.

37.6| When myrrhina was first brought in. Luxury in them.

37.7| Their nature.

37.8| On crystallus (9, 10). Remedy from it. Luxury in crystallus.

37.10| On amber (11, 12). The lies the authors have told about it.

37.11| Its kinds: 7. Remedies from these: [….].

37.12| Lyncurium. Remedies: 2.

37.13| On adamas, or anancites. Kinds of adamas: 6. Remedies: 2.

37.15| On smaragdi (16-19). Their kinds: 12.

37.17| Their faults.

37.18| Tanos, a gem. Chalcosmaragdos.

37.19| On beryls. Their kinds: 8. Their faults.

37.20| On opals. Their kinds: 7. Their faults and tests (21, 22). On sardonyx. Its kinds: [….]. Its faults.

37.23| On onyx. Its kinds: [….].

37.24| On carbuncles (25, 26). Their kinds: 12.

37.25| Their faults and tests.

37.26| Anthracitis.

37.27| Sandastros. Sandaresus.

37.28| Lychnis; its kinds: 4.

37.29| Carchedonia.

37.30| Sarda; its kinds: 5.

37.31| On topazos. Its kinds: 2.

37.32| On callaina.

37.33| On prasius. Its kinds: 3.

37.34| Nilion.

37.35| Molochitis.

37.36| On jasper. Its kinds: 17. Their faults.

37.37| On cyanus. Its kinds: 3.

37.38| On sappirus.

37.39| Amethystos; its kinds: 5. Socondion. Sapenos. Pharanitis. Aphrodites blepharon, or anteros, or paederos.

37.40| Hyacinthus.

37.41| On chrysolithus. Its kinds: 4.

37.42| On chryselectrum.

37.43| Leucochrysos. Its kinds: 3.

37.44| Melichrysi, xuthi.

37.45| Paederos, or sangenon, or syenites.

37.46| Asteria.

37.47| Astrion.

37.48| Astriotes.

37.49| Astolon.

37.50| Ceraunia. Its kinds: 4. Baetylos.

37.51| Iris.

37.52| Leros.

37.53| Achatae. Their kinds: 14. Acopos; remedies from it: [….]. Alabastritis; remedies from it: [….]. Alectoriae. Androdamas. Argyrodamas. Antipathes. Arabica. Aromatitis. Asbestos. Aspisatis. Atizoe. Augitis. Amphidanes, or chrysocolla. Aphrodisiaca. Apsyctos. Aegyptilla.

37.54| Balanitae. Batrachitis. Baptes. Beli oculus. Belus. Baroptenus, or baripe. Botryitis. Bostrychitis. Bucardia. Brontea. Boloe.

37.55| Cadmitis. Callais. Capnitis. Cappadocia. Callaica. Catochitis. Catoptritis. Cepitis, also called cepolatitis. Ceramitis. Cinaediae. Ceritis. Cireos. Corsoides. Corallachates. Corallis. Crateritis. Crocallis. Cyitis. Chalcophonos. Chelidoniae. Cheloniae. Chelonitis. Chloritis. Choaspitis. Chrysolampsis. Chrysopis. Cetionides.

37.56| Daphnea. Diadochos. Diphyes. Dionysias. Dracontias.

37.57| Encardia, or enariste. Enorchis. Exhebenus. Erythallis. Erotylos, otherwise amphicomos, otherwise hieromnemon. Eumeces. Eumithres. Eupetalos. Eureos. Eurotias. Eusebes. Epimelas.

37.58| Galaxias. Galactitis, or leucogaea, or leucographitis, or synechitis. Gallaica. Gassinnade. Glossopetra. Gorgonia. [….]

37.59| Heliotropion. Hephaestitis. Hermu aedoeon. Hexecontalithos. Hieracitis. Hammitis. Hammonis cornu. Hormiscion. Hyaeniae. Haematitis meniu, or xuthos.

37.60| Idaei dactyli. Icterias. Iovis gemma, or drosolithos. Indicae. Ion.

37.61| Lepidotis. Lesbia. Leucophthalmos. Leucopoecilos. Libanochrus. Limoniatis. Liparea. Lysimachos. Leucochrysos.

37.62| Memnonia. Media. Meconitis. Mithrax. Morochthos. Mormorion, also called promnion, or Alexandrion. Myrritis. Myrmecias. Myrsinitis. Mesoleucos. Mesomelas.

37.63| Nasamonitis. Nebritis. Nipparena.

37.64| Oica. Ombria, otherwise notia. Onocardia. Oritis, otherwise sideritis. Ostracias, or ostracitis. Ostritis. Ophicardelos. Obsiana.

37.65| Panchrus. Pangonus. Paneros, or panerastos. Ponticae; kinds: 4. Phloginos, or chrysitis. Phoenicitis. Phycitis. Perileucos. Paeanitis, or gaeanis.

37.66| Solis gemma. Sagda. Samothracia. Sauritis. Sarcitis. Selenitis. Sideritis. Sideropoecilos. Spongitis. Synodontitis. Syrtitis. Syringitis.

37.67| Trichrus. Thelyrrhizos. Thelycardios, or mucul. Thracia; kinds: 3. Tephritis. Tecolithos.

37.68| Veneris crines. Veientana.

37.69| Zathene. Zamilampis. Zoraniscaea.

37.70| Hepatitis. Steatitis. Adadu nephros. Adadu ophthalmos. Adadu dactylos. Triophthalmos.

37.71| Carcinias. Echitis. Scorpitis. Scaritis. Triglitis. Aegophthalmos. Hyophthalmos. Geranitis. Aëtitis. Myrmecitis. Cantharias. Lycophthalmos. Taos. Timictonia.

37.72| Ammochrysos. Cenchritis. Dryitis. Cissitis. Narcissitis. Cyamias. Pyren. Phoenicitis. Chalazias. Pyritis. Polyzonos. Astrapaea. Phlogitis. Anthracitis. Enygros. Polythrix. Leontios. Pardalios. Drosolithos. Melichrus. Melichloros. Crocias. Polias. Spartopolia. Rhoditis. Melitis. Chalcitis. Sycitis. Bostrychitis. Chernitis. Anancitis. Synochitis. Dendritis.

37.73| Cochlides.

37.74| On the shapes of gems.

37.75| The method of testing them.

37.76| A comparison of nature across the lands. A comparison of things by their prices.

37.77| Total: facts, histories and observations, 1,300. From the authors: Marcus Varro; the records of triumphs; Maecenas; Iacchus; Cornelius Bocchus. From foreign authors: King Juba; Xenocrates son of Zeno; Sudines; Aeschylus; Philoxenus; Euripides; Nicander; Satyrus; Theophrastus; Chares; Philemon; Demostratus; Zenothemis; Metrodorus; Sotacus; Pytheas; Timaeus of Sicily; Nicias; Theochrestus; Asarubas; Mnaseas; Theomenes; Ctesias; Mithridates; Sophocles; King Archelaus; Callistratus; Democritus; Ismenias; Olympicus; Alexander Polyhistor; Apion; Orus; Zoroaster; Zachalias.

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